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Initial commit: mwhois with SCION AS support and decimal AS conversion

Browse Source 
Based on mwhois by Antonios A. Chariton
Modifications for SCION AS support by Olaf Baumert, Axpo Systems AG
This commit is contained in:
Olaf Baumert
2025-06-03 11:01:02 +00:00
commit 34c631a06d
340 changed files with 212460 additions and 0 deletions
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107
netaddr/tests/2.x/core/compat.txt Normal file
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=Python 2.x and 3.x compatibility tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr.compat import _sys_maxint, _is_str, _is_int, _callable
>>> from netaddr.compat import _func_doc, _dict_keys, _dict_items
>>> from netaddr.compat import _iter_dict_keys, _bytes_join, _zip, _range
>>> from netaddr.compat import _iter_range, _func_name, _func_doc
# string and integer detection tests.
>>> _is_int(_sys_maxint)
True
>>> _is_str(_sys_maxint)
False
>>> _is_str('')
True
>>> _is_str(''.encode())
True
>>> _is_str(unicode(''))
True
# Python 2.x - 8 bit strings are just regular strings
>>> str_8bit = _bytes_join(['a', 'b', 'c'])
>>> str_8bit == 'abc'.encode()
True
>>> "'abc'" == '%r' % str_8bit
True
# dict operation tests.
>>> d = { 'a' : 0, 'b' : 1, 'c' : 2 }
>>> sorted(_dict_keys(d)) == ['a', 'b', 'c']
True
>>> sorted(_dict_items(d)) == [('a', 0), ('b', 1), ('c', 2)]
True
# zip() BIF tests.
>>> l2 = _zip([0], [1])
>>> hasattr(_zip(l2), 'pop')
True
>>> l2 == [(0, 1)]
True
# range/xrange() tests.
>>> l1 = _range(3)
>>> isinstance(l1, list)
True
>>> hasattr(l1, 'pop')
True
>>> l1 == [0, 1, 2]
True
>>> it = _iter_range(3)
>>> isinstance(it, list)
False
>>> hasattr(it, '__iter__')
True
>>> it == [0, 1, 2]
False
>>> list(it) == [0, 1, 2]
True
# callable() and function meta-data tests.
>>> i = 1
>>> def f1():
... """docstring"""
... pass
>>> f2 = lambda x: x
>>> _callable(i)
False
>>> _callable(f1)
True
>>> _callable(f2)
True
>>> _func_name(f1) == 'f1'
True
>>> _func_doc(f1) == 'docstring'
True
}}}

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netaddr/tests/2.x/core/pubsub.txt Normal file
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=Publish / Subscribe DP Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
Basic Publisher and Subscriber object tests.
{{{
>>> from netaddr.core import Publisher, Subscriber, PrettyPrinter
>>> import pprint
>>> class Subject(Publisher):
... pass
>>> class Observer(Subscriber):
... def __init__(self, id):
... self.id = id
...
... def update(self, data):
... return repr(self), pprint.pformat(data)
...
... def __repr__(self):
... return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.id)
...
>>> s = Subject()
>>> s.attach(Observer('foo'))
>>> s.attach(Observer('bar'))
#FIXME: >>> pp = PrettyPrinter()
#FIXME: >>> s.attach(pp)
>>> data = [{'foo': 42}, {'list': [1,'2', list(range(10))]}, {'strings': ['foo', 'bar', 'baz', 'quux']}]
>>> s.notify(data)
#FIXME: >>> s.detach(pp)
>>> s.notify(['foo', 'bar', 'baz'])
>>> s.attach('foo')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: 'foo' does not support required interface!
>>> s.detach('foo')
}}}

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netaddr/tests/2.x/eui/eui.txt Normal file
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=IEEE EUI-64 Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
}}}
IEEE EUI-64 tests.
{{{
>>> eui = EUI('00-1B-77-FF-FE-49-54-FD')
>>> eui
EUI('00-1B-77-FF-FE-49-54-FD')
>>> eui.oui
OUI('00-1B-77')
>>> eui.ei
'FF-FE-49-54-FD'
>>> eui.eui64()
EUI('00-1B-77-FF-FE-49-54-FD')
>>> mac = EUI('00-0F-1F-12-E7-33')
>>> ip = mac.ipv6_link_local()
>>> ip
IPAddress('fe80::20f:1fff:fe12:e733')
>>> ip.is_link_local()
True
>>> mac.eui64()
EUI('00-0F-1F-FF-FE-12-E7-33')
}}}
Individual Address Block tests.
{{{
>>> lower_eui = EUI('00-50-C2-05-C0-00')
>>> upper_eui = EUI('00-50-C2-05-CF-FF')
>>> lower_eui.is_iab()
True
>>> str(lower_eui.oui)
'00-50-C2'
>>> str(lower_eui.iab)
'00-50-C2-05-C0-00'
>>> lower_eui.ei
'05-C0-00'
>>> int(lower_eui.oui) == 0x0050c2
True
>>> int(lower_eui.iab) == 0x0050c205c
True
>>> upper_eui.is_iab()
True
>>> str(upper_eui.oui)
'00-50-C2'
>>> str(upper_eui.iab)
'00-50-C2-05-C0-00'
>>> upper_eui.ei
'05-CF-FF'
>>> int(upper_eui.oui) == 0x0050c2
True
>>> int(upper_eui.iab) == 0x0050c205c
True
}}}
Constructor tests.
{{{
>>> eui = EUI('00-90-96-AF-CC-39')
>>> eui == EUI('0-90-96-AF-CC-39')
True
>>> eui == EUI('00-90-96-af-cc-39')
True
>>> eui == EUI('00:90:96:AF:CC:39')
True
>>> eui == EUI('00:90:96:af:cc:39')
True
>>> eui == EUI('0090-96AF-CC39')
True
>>> eui == EUI('0090:96af:cc39')
True
>>> eui == EUI('009096-AFCC39')
True
>>> eui == EUI('009096:AFCC39')
True
>>> eui == EUI('009096AFCC39')
True
>>> eui == EUI('009096afcc39')
True
>>> EUI('01-00-00-00-00-00') == EUI('010000000000')
True
>>> EUI('01-00-00-00-00-00') == EUI('10000000000')
True
>>> EUI('01-00-00-01-00-00') == EUI('010000:010000')
True
>>> EUI('01-00-00-01-00-00') == EUI('10000:10000')
True
}}}
EUI-48 and EUI-64 indentifiers of the same value are *not* equivalent.
{{{
>>> eui48 = EUI('01-00-00-01-00-00')
>>> int(eui48) == 1099511693312
True
>>> eui64 = EUI('00-00-01-00-00-01-00-00')
>>> int(eui64) == 1099511693312
True
>>> eui48 == eui64
False
}}}
Sortability
{{{
>>> import random
>>> eui_list = [EUI(0, 64), EUI(0), EUI(0xffffffffffff, dialect=mac_unix), EUI(0x1000000000000)]
>>> random.shuffle(eui_list)
>>> eui_list.sort()
>>> for eui in eui_list:
... str(eui), eui.version
('00-00-00-00-00-00', 48)
('ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff', 48)
('00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00', 64)
('00-01-00-00-00-00-00-00', 64)
}}}
Persistence
{{{
>>> import pickle
>>> eui1 = EUI('00-00-00-01-02-03')
>>> eui2 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(eui1))
>>> eui1 == eui2
True
>>> eui1 = EUI('00-00-00-01-02-03', dialect=mac_cisco)
>>> eui2 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(eui1))
>>> eui1 == eui2
True
>>> eui1.dialect == eui2.dialect
True
>>> oui1 = EUI('00-00-00-01-02-03').oui
>>> oui2 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(oui1))
>>> oui1 == oui2
True
>>> oui1.records == oui2.records
True
>>> iab1 = EUI('00-50-C2-00-1F-FF').iab
>>> iab2 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(iab1))
>>> iab1 == iab2
True
>>> iab1.record == iab2.record
True
}}}

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=IEEE EUI-64 Identifier Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
}}}
Basic operations.
{{{
>>> mac = EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
>>> mac
EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
>>> eui = mac.eui64()
>>> eui
EUI('00-1B-77-FF-FE-49-54-FD')
>>> eui.eui64()
EUI('00-1B-77-FF-FE-49-54-FD')
>>> int(eui) == 7731765737772285
True
>>> eui.packed
'\x00\x1bw\xff\xfeIT\xfd'
>>> eui.bin
'0b11011011101111111111111111110010010010101010011111101'
>>> eui.bits()
'00000000-00011011-01110111-11111111-11111110-01001001-01010100-11111101'
}}}
IPv6 interoperability
{{{
>>> mac = EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
>>> eui = mac.eui64()
>>> mac
EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
>>> eui
EUI('00-1B-77-FF-FE-49-54-FD')
>>> mac.modified_eui64()
EUI('02-1B-77-FF-FE-49-54-FD')
>>> mac.ipv6_link_local()
IPAddress('fe80::21b:77ff:fe49:54fd')
>>> eui.ipv6_link_local()
IPAddress('fe80::21b:77ff:fe49:54fd')
>>> mac.ipv6(0x12340000000000000000000000000000)
IPAddress('1234::21b:77ff:fe49:54fd')
>>> eui.ipv6(0x12340000000000000000000000000000)
IPAddress('1234::21b:77ff:fe49:54fd')

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netaddr/tests/2.x/eui/pubsub.txt Normal file
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=IEEE Publish/Subscribe Parser Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
Basic OUIIndexParser and FileIndexer object tests.
{{{
>>> from netaddr.eui.ieee import OUIIndexParser, IABIndexParser, FileIndexer
>>> from cStringIO import StringIO
>>> infile = StringIO()
>>> outfile = StringIO()
>>> infile.write("""
... 00-CA-FE (hex) ACME CORPORATION
... 00CAFE (base 16) ACME CORPORATION
... 1 MAIN STREET
... SPRINGFIELD
... UNITED STATES
... """)
>>> infile.seek(0)
>>> iab_parser = OUIIndexParser(infile)
>>> iab_parser.attach(FileIndexer(outfile))
>>> iab_parser.parse()
>>> print outfile.getvalue(),
51966,1,210
}}}
Basic IABIndexParser and FileIndexer object tests.
{{{
>>> infile = StringIO()
>>> outfile = StringIO()
>>> infile.write("""
... 00-50-C2 (hex) ACME CORPORATION
... ABC000-ABCFFF (base 16) ACME CORPORATION
... 1 MAIN STREET
... SPRINGFIELD
... UNITED STATES
... """)
>>> infile.seek(0)
>>> iab_parser = IABIndexParser(infile)
>>> iab_parser.attach(FileIndexer(outfile))
>>> iab_parser.parse()
>>> print outfile.getvalue(),
84683452,1,181
}}}

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First of all you need to pull the various MAC related classes and functions into your namespace.
.. note:: Do this for the purpose of this tutorial only. In your own code, you should be explicit about the classes, functions and constants you import to avoid name clashes.
>>> from netaddr import *
You can reasonably safely import everything from the netaddr namespace as care has been taken to only export the necessary classes, functions and constants.
Always hand pick your imports if you are unsure about possible name clashes.
----------------
Basic operations
----------------
Instances of the EUI class are used to represent MAC addresses.
>>> mac = EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
Standard repr() access returns a Python statement that can reconstruct the MAC address object from scratch if executed in the Python interpreter.
>>> mac
EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
Accessing the EUI object in the string context.
>>> str(mac)
'00-1B-77-49-54-FD'
>>> '%s' % mac
'00-1B-77-49-54-FD'
Here are a few other common properties.
>>> str(mac), str(mac.oui), mac.ei, mac.version
('00-1B-77-49-54-FD', '00-1B-77', '49-54-FD', 48)
-------------------------
Numerical representations
-------------------------
You can view an individual IP address in various other formats.
>>> int(mac) == 117965411581
True
>>> hex(mac)
'0x1b774954fd'
>>> oct(mac)
'01556722252375'
>>> mac.bits()
'00000000-00011011-01110111-01001001-01010100-11111101'
>>> mac.bin
'0b1101101110111010010010101010011111101'
----------
Formatting
----------
It is very common to see MAC address in many different formats other than the standard IEEE EUI-48.
The EUI class constructor handles all these common forms.
>>> EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
IEEE EUI-48 lowercase format
>>> EUI('00-1b-77-49-54-fd')
EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
Common UNIX format
>>> EUI('0:1b:77:49:54:fd')
EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
Cisco triple hextet format
>>> EUI('001b:7749:54fd')
EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
>>> EUI('1b:7749:54fd')
EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
>>> EUI('1B:7749:54FD')
EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
Bare MAC addresses (no delimiters)
>>> EUI('001b774954fd')
EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
>>> EUI('01B774954FD')
EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
PostreSQL format (found in documentation)
>>> EUI('001B77:4954FD')
EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
It is equally possible to specify a selected format for your MAC string output in the form of a 'dialect' class. It's use is similar to the dialect class used in the Python standard library csv module.
>>> mac = EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
>>> mac
EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
>>> mac.dialect = mac_unix
>>> mac
EUI('0:1b:77:49:54:fd')
>>> mac.dialect = mac_unix_expanded
>>> mac
EUI('00:1b:77:49:54:fd')
>>> mac.dialect = mac_cisco
>>> mac
EUI('001b.7749.54fd')
>>> mac.dialect = mac_bare
>>> mac
EUI('001B774954FD')
>>> mac.dialect = mac_pgsql
>>> mac
EUI('001b77:4954fd')
You can of course, create your own dialect classes to customise the MAC formatting if the standard ones do not suit your needs.
Here's a tweaked UNIX MAC dialect that generates uppercase, zero-filled octets.
>>> class mac_custom(mac_unix): pass
>>> mac_custom.word_fmt = '%.2X'
>>> mac = EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD', dialect=mac_custom)
>>> mac
EUI('00:1B:77:49:54:FD')
-----------------------------------
Querying organisational information
-----------------------------------
EUI objects provide an interface to the OUI (Organisationally Unique Identifier) and IAB (Individual Address Block) registration databases available from the IEEE.
Here is how you query an OUI with the EUI interface.
>>> mac = EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
>>> oui = mac.oui
>>> oui
OUI('00-1B-77')
>>> oui.registration().address
['Lot 8, Jalan Hi-Tech 2/3', 'Kulim Hi-Tech Park', 'Kulim Kedah 09000', 'MALAYSIA']
>>> oui.registration().org
'Intel Corporate'
You can also use OUI objects directly without going through the EUI interface.
A few OUI records have multiple registrations against them. I'm not sure if this is recording historical information or just a quirk of the IEEE reigstration process.
This example show you how you access them individually by specifying an index number.
>>> oui = OUI(524336) # OUI constructor accepts integer values too.
>>> oui
OUI('08-00-30')
>>> oui.registration(0).address
['2380 N. ROSE AVENUE', 'OXNARD CA 93010', 'UNITED STATES']
>>> oui.registration(0).org
'NETWORK RESEARCH CORPORATION'
>>> oui.registration(0).oui
'08-00-30'
>>> oui.registration(1).address
['CH-1211 GENEVE 23', 'SUISSE/SWITZ', 'SWITZERLAND']
>>> oui.registration(1).org
'CERN'
>>> oui.registration(1).oui
'08-00-30'
>>> oui.registration(2).address
['GPO BOX 2476V', 'MELBOURNE VIC 3001', 'AUSTRALIA']
>>> oui.registration(2).org
'ROYAL MELBOURNE INST OF TECH'
>>> oui.registration(2).oui
'08-00-30'
>>> for i in range(oui.reg_count):
... str(oui), oui.registration(i).org
...
('08-00-30', 'NETWORK RESEARCH CORPORATION')
('08-00-30', 'CERN')
('08-00-30', 'ROYAL MELBOURNE INST OF TECH')
Here is how you query an IAB with the EUI interface.
>>> mac = EUI('00-50-C2-00-0F-01')
>>> mac.is_iab()
True
>>> iab = mac.iab
>>> iab
IAB('00-50-C2-00-00-00')
>>> iab.registration()
{'address': ['1241 Superieor Ave E', 'Cleveland OH 44114', 'UNITED STATES'],
'iab': '00-50-C2-00-00-00',
...
'offset': 123,
'org': 'T.L.S. Corp.',
'size': 139}

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=Abbreviated CIDR Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
}}}
Abbreviation tests.
{{{
>>> ranges = (
... (IPAddress('::'), IPAddress('::')),
... (IPAddress('0.0.0.0'), IPAddress('255.255.255.255')),
... (IPAddress('::'), IPAddress('::255.255.255.255')),
... (IPAddress('0.0.0.0'), IPAddress('0.0.0.0')),
... )
>>> sorted(ranges)
[(IPAddress('0.0.0.0'), IPAddress('0.0.0.0')), (IPAddress('0.0.0.0'), IPAddress('255.255.255.255')), (IPAddress('::'), IPAddress('::')), (IPAddress('::'), IPAddress('::255.255.255.255'))]
# Integer values.
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(-1)
-1
# Class A
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(0)
'0.0.0.0/8'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(10)
'10.0.0.0/8'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(127)
'127.0.0.0/8'
# Class B
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(128)
'128.0.0.0/16'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(191)
'191.0.0.0/16'
# Class C
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(192)
'192.0.0.0/24'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(223)
'223.0.0.0/24'
# Class D (multicast)
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(224)
'224.0.0.0/4'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(225)
'225.0.0.0/4'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(239)
'239.0.0.0/4'
# Class E (reserved)
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(240)
'240.0.0.0/32'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(254)
'254.0.0.0/32'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(255)
'255.0.0.0/32'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(256)
256
# String values.
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('-1')
'-1'
# Class A
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('0')
'0.0.0.0/8'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('10')
'10.0.0.0/8'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('127')
'127.0.0.0/8'
# Class B
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('128')
'128.0.0.0/16'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('191')
'191.0.0.0/16'
# Class C
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('192')
'192.0.0.0/24'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('223')
'223.0.0.0/24'
# Class D (multicast)
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('224')
'224.0.0.0/4'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('225')
'225.0.0.0/4'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('239')
'239.0.0.0/4'
# Class E (reserved)
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('240')
'240.0.0.0/32'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('254')
'254.0.0.0/32'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('255')
'255.0.0.0/32'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('256')
'256'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('128/8')
'128.0.0.0/8'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('128.0/8')
'128.0.0.0/8'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('128.0.0.0/8')
'128.0.0.0/8'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('128.0.0/8')
'128.0.0.0/8'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('192.168')
'192.168.0.0/24'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('192.0.2')
'192.0.2.0/24'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('192.0.2.0')
'192.0.2.0/24'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('0.0.0.0')
'0.0.0.0/8'
# No IPv6 support current.
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('::/128')
'::/128'
# IPv6 proper, not IPv4 mapped?
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('::10/128')
'::10/128'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('0.0.0.0.0')
'0.0.0.0.0'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('')
''
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(None)
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose([])
[]
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose({})
{}
}}}
Negative testing.
{{{
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('192.0.2.0')
'192.0.2.0/24'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('192.0.2.0/32')
'192.0.2.0/32'
#FIXME: >>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('192.0.2.0/33')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: prefixlen in address '192.0.2.0/33' out of range for IPv4!
}}}
IPv4 octet expansion routine.
{{{
>>> from netaddr.strategy import ipv4
>>> ipv4.expand_partial_address('10')
'10.0.0.0'
>>> ipv4.expand_partial_address('10.1')
'10.1.0.0'
>>> ipv4.expand_partial_address('192.168.1')
'192.168.1.0'
}}}
IPNetwork constructor testing.
{{{
>>> IPNetwork('192.168/16')
IPNetwork('192.168.0.0/16')
>>> IPNetwork('192.168.0.15')
IPNetwork('192.168.0.15/32')
>>> IPNetwork('192.168')
IPNetwork('192.168.0.0/32')
>>> IPNetwork('192.168', implicit_prefix=True)
IPNetwork('192.168.0.0/24')
>>> IPNetwork('192.168', True)
IPNetwork('192.168.0.0/24')
>>> IPNetwork('10.0.0.1', True)
IPNetwork('10.0.0.1/8')
}}}

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=Binary and numerical operations on IP addresses=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
}}}
==Addition and Subtraction ==
{{{
>>> IPAddress('192.0.2.0') + 1
IPAddress('192.0.2.1')
>>> 1 + IPAddress('192.0.2.0')
IPAddress('192.0.2.1')
>>> IPAddress('192.0.2.1') - 1
IPAddress('192.0.2.0')
>>> IPAddress('192.0.0.0') + IPAddress('0.0.0.42')
IPAddress('192.0.0.42')
>>> IPAddress('192.0.0.42') - IPAddress('0.0.0.42')
IPAddress('192.0.0.0')
>>> 1 - IPAddress('192.0.2.1')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: result outside valid IP address boundary!
>>> ip = IPAddress('10.0.0.1')
>>> ip += 1
>>> ip
IPAddress('10.0.0.2')
>>> ip -= 1
>>> ip
IPAddress('10.0.0.1')
>>> ip += IPAddress('0.0.0.42')
>>> ip
IPAddress('10.0.0.43')
>>> ip -= IPAddress('0.0.0.43')
>>> ip
IPAddress('10.0.0.0')
}}}
==Binary operations==
{{{
>>> IPAddress('192.0.2.15') & IPAddress('255.255.255.0')
IPAddress('192.0.2.0')
>>> IPAddress('255.255.0.0') | IPAddress('0.0.255.255')
IPAddress('255.255.255.255')
>>> IPAddress('255.255.0.0') ^ IPAddress('255.0.0.0')
IPAddress('0.255.0.0')
>>> IPAddress('1.2.3.4').packed
'\x01\x02\x03\x04'
}}}

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=IP Range Boundary Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
>>> import pprint
}}}
`iter_iprange()` iterator boundary tests.
{{{
>>> pprint.pprint(list(iter_iprange('192.0.2.0', '192.0.2.7')))
[IPAddress('192.0.2.0'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.1'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.2'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.3'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.4'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.5'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.6'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.7')]
>>> pprint.pprint(list(iter_iprange('::ffff:192.0.2.0', '::ffff:192.0.2.7')))
[IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.0'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.1'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.2'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.3'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.4'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.5'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.6'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.7')]
}}}
`IPNetwork()` iterator boundary tests.
{{{
>>> pprint.pprint(list(IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/29')[0:-1]))
[IPAddress('192.0.2.0'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.1'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.2'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.3'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.4'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.5'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.6')]
>>> pprint.pprint(list(IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/29')[::-1]))
[IPAddress('192.0.2.7'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.6'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.5'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.4'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.3'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.2'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.1'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.0')]
For IPv4, network (first) and broadcast (last) address must be skipped.
>>> pprint.pprint(list(IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/29').iter_hosts()))
[IPAddress('192.0.2.1'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.2'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.3'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.4'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.5'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.6')]
For IPv6, Subnet-Router anycast address (first) must be skipped.
>>> pprint.pprint(list(IPNetwork('::ffff:192.0.2.0/125').iter_hosts()))
[IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.1'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.2'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.3'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.4'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.5'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.6'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.7')]
Very small IPNetworks do contain some IP addresses
>>> list(IPNetwork("192.168.0.0/31"))
[IPAddress('192.168.0.0'), IPAddress('192.168.0.1')]
>>> list(IPNetwork("1234::/128"))
[IPAddress('1234::')]
But they have no IPs that can be assigned to hosts.
>>> list(IPNetwork("1234::/128").iter_hosts())
[]
>>> list(IPNetwork("192.168.0.0/31").iter_hosts())
[]
}}}
`IPRange()` iterator boundary tests.
{{{
>>> pprint.pprint(list(IPRange('192.0.2.0', '192.0.2.7')))
[IPAddress('192.0.2.0'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.1'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.2'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.3'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.4'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.5'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.6'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.7')]
>>> pprint.pprint(list(IPRange('::ffff:192.0.2.0', '::ffff:192.0.2.7')))
[IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.0'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.1'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.2'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.3'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.4'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.5'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.6'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.7')]
}}}
Boolean contexts.
{{{
>>> bool(IPAddress('0.0.0.0'))
False
>>> bool(IPAddress('0.0.0.1'))
True
>>> bool(IPAddress('255.255.255.255'))
True
>>> bool(IPNetwork('0.0.0.0/0'))
True
>>> bool(IPNetwork('::/0'))
True
>>> bool(IPRange('0.0.0.0', '255.255.255.255'))
True
>>> bool(IPRange('0.0.0.0', '0.0.0.0'))
True
>>> bool(IPGlob('*.*.*.*'))
True
>>> bool(IPGlob('0.0.0.0'))
True
}}}
`IPAddress()` negative increment tests.
{{{
>>> ip = IPAddress('0.0.0.0')
>>> ip += -1
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: result outside valid IP address boundary!
>>> ip = IPAddress('255.255.255.255')
>>> ip -= -1
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: result outside valid IP address boundary!
}}}

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=CIDR Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
}}}
==Basic IP Range Tuple Sorting==
{{{
>>> ranges = (
... (IPAddress('::'), IPAddress('::')),
... (IPAddress('0.0.0.0'), IPAddress('255.255.255.255')),
... (IPAddress('::'), IPAddress('::255.255.255.255')),
... (IPAddress('0.0.0.0'), IPAddress('0.0.0.0')),
... )
>>> sorted(ranges)
[(IPAddress('0.0.0.0'), IPAddress('0.0.0.0')), (IPAddress('0.0.0.0'), IPAddress('255.255.255.255')), (IPAddress('::'), IPAddress('::')), (IPAddress('::'), IPAddress('::255.255.255.255'))]
}}}
Worst case IPv4 range to CIDR conversion.
{{{
>>> for ip in iprange_to_cidrs('0.0.0.1', '255.255.255.254'):
... ip
...
IPNetwork('0.0.0.1/32')
IPNetwork('0.0.0.2/31')
IPNetwork('0.0.0.4/30')
IPNetwork('0.0.0.8/29')
IPNetwork('0.0.0.16/28')
IPNetwork('0.0.0.32/27')
IPNetwork('0.0.0.64/26')
IPNetwork('0.0.0.128/25')
IPNetwork('0.0.1.0/24')
IPNetwork('0.0.2.0/23')
IPNetwork('0.0.4.0/22')
IPNetwork('0.0.8.0/21')
IPNetwork('0.0.16.0/20')
IPNetwork('0.0.32.0/19')
IPNetwork('0.0.64.0/18')
IPNetwork('0.0.128.0/17')
IPNetwork('0.1.0.0/16')
IPNetwork('0.2.0.0/15')
IPNetwork('0.4.0.0/14')
IPNetwork('0.8.0.0/13')
IPNetwork('0.16.0.0/12')
IPNetwork('0.32.0.0/11')
IPNetwork('0.64.0.0/10')
IPNetwork('0.128.0.0/9')
IPNetwork('1.0.0.0/8')
IPNetwork('2.0.0.0/7')
IPNetwork('4.0.0.0/6')
IPNetwork('8.0.0.0/5')
IPNetwork('16.0.0.0/4')
IPNetwork('32.0.0.0/3')
IPNetwork('64.0.0.0/2')
IPNetwork('128.0.0.0/2')
IPNetwork('192.0.0.0/3')
IPNetwork('224.0.0.0/4')
IPNetwork('240.0.0.0/5')
IPNetwork('248.0.0.0/6')
IPNetwork('252.0.0.0/7')
IPNetwork('254.0.0.0/8')
IPNetwork('255.0.0.0/9')
IPNetwork('255.128.0.0/10')
IPNetwork('255.192.0.0/11')
IPNetwork('255.224.0.0/12')
IPNetwork('255.240.0.0/13')
IPNetwork('255.248.0.0/14')
IPNetwork('255.252.0.0/15')
IPNetwork('255.254.0.0/16')
IPNetwork('255.255.0.0/17')
IPNetwork('255.255.128.0/18')
IPNetwork('255.255.192.0/19')
IPNetwork('255.255.224.0/20')
IPNetwork('255.255.240.0/21')
IPNetwork('255.255.248.0/22')
IPNetwork('255.255.252.0/23')
IPNetwork('255.255.254.0/24')
IPNetwork('255.255.255.0/25')
IPNetwork('255.255.255.128/26')
IPNetwork('255.255.255.192/27')
IPNetwork('255.255.255.224/28')
IPNetwork('255.255.255.240/29')
IPNetwork('255.255.255.248/30')
IPNetwork('255.255.255.252/31')
IPNetwork('255.255.255.254/32')
}}}
Worst case IPv4 mapped IPv6 range to CIDR.
{{{
>>> for ip in iprange_to_cidrs('::ffff:1', '::ffff:255.255.255.254'):
... ip
...
IPNetwork('::255.255.0.1/128')
IPNetwork('::255.255.0.2/127')
IPNetwork('::255.255.0.4/126')
IPNetwork('::255.255.0.8/125')
IPNetwork('::255.255.0.16/124')
IPNetwork('::255.255.0.32/123')
IPNetwork('::255.255.0.64/122')
IPNetwork('::255.255.0.128/121')
IPNetwork('::255.255.1.0/120')
IPNetwork('::255.255.2.0/119')
IPNetwork('::255.255.4.0/118')
IPNetwork('::255.255.8.0/117')
IPNetwork('::255.255.16.0/116')
IPNetwork('::255.255.32.0/115')
IPNetwork('::255.255.64.0/114')
IPNetwork('::255.255.128.0/113')
IPNetwork('::1:0:0/96')
IPNetwork('::2:0:0/95')
IPNetwork('::4:0:0/94')
IPNetwork('::8:0:0/93')
IPNetwork('::10:0:0/92')
IPNetwork('::20:0:0/91')
IPNetwork('::40:0:0/90')
IPNetwork('::80:0:0/89')
IPNetwork('::100:0:0/88')
IPNetwork('::200:0:0/87')
IPNetwork('::400:0:0/86')
IPNetwork('::800:0:0/85')
IPNetwork('::1000:0:0/84')
IPNetwork('::2000:0:0/83')
IPNetwork('::4000:0:0/82')
IPNetwork('::8000:0:0/82')
IPNetwork('::c000:0:0/83')
IPNetwork('::e000:0:0/84')
IPNetwork('::f000:0:0/85')
IPNetwork('::f800:0:0/86')
IPNetwork('::fc00:0:0/87')
IPNetwork('::fe00:0:0/88')
IPNetwork('::ff00:0:0/89')
IPNetwork('::ff80:0:0/90')
IPNetwork('::ffc0:0:0/91')
IPNetwork('::ffe0:0:0/92')
IPNetwork('::fff0:0:0/93')
IPNetwork('::fff8:0:0/94')
IPNetwork('::fffc:0:0/95')
IPNetwork('::fffe:0:0/96')
IPNetwork('::ffff:0.0.0.0/97')
IPNetwork('::ffff:128.0.0.0/98')
IPNetwork('::ffff:192.0.0.0/99')
IPNetwork('::ffff:224.0.0.0/100')
IPNetwork('::ffff:240.0.0.0/101')
IPNetwork('::ffff:248.0.0.0/102')
IPNetwork('::ffff:252.0.0.0/103')
IPNetwork('::ffff:254.0.0.0/104')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.0.0.0/105')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.128.0.0/106')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.192.0.0/107')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.224.0.0/108')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.240.0.0/109')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.248.0.0/110')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.252.0.0/111')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.254.0.0/112')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.255.0.0/113')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.255.128.0/114')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.255.192.0/115')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.255.224.0/116')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.255.240.0/117')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.255.248.0/118')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.255.252.0/119')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.255.254.0/120')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.255.255.0/121')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.255.255.128/122')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.255.255.192/123')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.255.255.224/124')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.255.255.240/125')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.255.255.248/126')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.255.255.252/127')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.255.255.254/128')
}}}
RFC 4291 CIDR tests.
{{{
>>> str(IPNetwork('2001:0DB8:0000:CD30:0000:0000:0000:0000/60'))
'2001:db8:0:cd30::/60'
>>> str(IPNetwork('2001:0DB8::CD30:0:0:0:0/60'))
'2001:db8:0:cd30::/60'
>>> str(IPNetwork('2001:0DB8:0:CD30::/60'))
'2001:db8:0:cd30::/60'
}}}
Equality tests.
{{{
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/255.255.254.0') == IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/23')
True
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.65/255.255.254.0') == IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/23')
True
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.65/255.255.254.0') == IPNetwork('192.0.2.65/23')
True
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.65/255.255.255.0') == IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/23')
False
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.65/255.255.254.0') == IPNetwork('192.0.2.65/24')
False
}}}
Slicing tests.
{{{
>>> ip = IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/23')
>>> ip.first == 3221225984
True
>>> ip.last == 3221226495
True
>>> ip[0]
IPAddress('192.0.2.0')
>>> ip[-1]
IPAddress('192.0.3.255')
>>> list(ip[::128])
[IPAddress('192.0.2.0'), IPAddress('192.0.2.128'), IPAddress('192.0.3.0'), IPAddress('192.0.3.128')]
>>> ip = IPNetwork('fe80::/10')
>>> ip[0]
IPAddress('fe80::')
>>> ip[-1]
IPAddress('febf:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff')
>>> ip.size == 332306998946228968225951765070086144
True
>>> list(ip[0:5:1])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: IPv6 slices are not supported!
}}}
Membership tests.
{{{
>>> IPAddress('192.0.2.1') in IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
True
>>> IPAddress('192.0.2.255') in IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
True
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24') in IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/23')
True
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24') in IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
True
>>> IPAddress('ffff::1') in IPNetwork('ffff::/127')
True
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/23') in IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
False
}}}
Equality tests.
{{{
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24') == IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
True
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24') is not IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
True
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24') != IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
False
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24') is IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
False
>>> IPNetwork('fe80::/10') == IPNetwork('fe80::/10')
True
>>> IPNetwork('fe80::/10') is not IPNetwork('fe80::/10')
True
>>> IPNetwork('fe80::/10') != IPNetwork('fe80::/10')
False
>>> IPNetwork('fe80::/10') is IPNetwork('fe80::/10')
False
}}}
Exclusion tests.
{{{
# Equivalent to :-
# >>> set([1]) - set([1])
# set([1])
>>> cidr_exclude('192.0.2.1/32', '192.0.2.1/32')
[]
# Equivalent to :-
# >>> set([1,2]) - set([2])
# set([1])
>>> cidr_exclude('192.0.2.0/31', '192.0.2.1/32')
[IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/32')]
# Equivalent to :-
# >>> set([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]) - set([5,6,7,8])
# set([1, 2, 3, 4])
>>> cidr_exclude('192.0.2.0/24', '192.0.2.128/25')
[IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/25')]
# Equivalent to :-
# >>> set([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]) - set([5,6])
# set([1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8])
>>> cidr_exclude('192.0.2.0/24', '192.0.2.128/27')
[IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/25'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.160/27'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.192/26')]
# Subtracting a larger range from a smaller one results in an empty
# list (rather than a negative CIDR - which would be rather odd)!
#
# Equivalent to :-
# >>> set([1]) - set([1,2,3])
# set([])
>>> cidr_exclude('192.0.2.1/32', '192.0.2.0/24')
[]
}}}
Please Note: excluding IP subnets that are not within each other and have no overlaps should return the original target IP object.
{{{
# Equivalent to :-
# >>> set([1,2,3]) - set([4])
# set([1,2,3])
>>> cidr_exclude('192.0.2.0/28', '192.0.2.16/32')
[IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/28')]
# Equivalent to :-
# >>> set([1]) - set([2,3,4])
# set([1])
>>> cidr_exclude('192.0.1.255/32', '192.0.2.0/28')
[IPNetwork('192.0.1.255/32')]
}}}
Merge tests.
{{{
>>> cidr_merge(['192.0.128.0/24', '192.0.129.0/24'])
[IPNetwork('192.0.128.0/23')]
>>> cidr_merge(['192.0.129.0/24', '192.0.130.0/24'])
[IPNetwork('192.0.129.0/24'), IPNetwork('192.0.130.0/24')]
>>> cidr_merge(['192.0.2.112/30', '192.0.2.116/31', '192.0.2.118/31'])
[IPNetwork('192.0.2.112/29')]
>>> cidr_merge(['192.0.2.112/30', '192.0.2.116/32', '192.0.2.118/31'])
[IPNetwork('192.0.2.112/30'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.116/32'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.118/31')]
>>> cidr_merge(['192.0.2.112/31', '192.0.2.116/31', '192.0.2.118/31'])
[IPNetwork('192.0.2.112/31'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.116/30')]
>>> cidr_merge(['192.0.1.254/31',
... '192.0.2.0/28',
... '192.0.2.16/28',
... '192.0.2.32/28',
... '192.0.2.48/28',
... '192.0.2.64/28',
... '192.0.2.80/28',
... '192.0.2.96/28',
... '192.0.2.112/28',
... '192.0.2.128/28',
... '192.0.2.144/28',
... '192.0.2.160/28',
... '192.0.2.176/28',
... '192.0.2.192/28',
... '192.0.2.208/28',
... '192.0.2.224/28',
... '192.0.2.240/28',
... '192.0.3.0/28'])
[IPNetwork('192.0.1.254/31'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24'), IPNetwork('192.0.3.0/28')]
}}}
Extended merge tests.
{{{
>>> import random
# Start with a single /23 CIDR.
>>> orig_cidr_ipv4 = IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/23')
>>> orig_cidr_ipv6 = IPNetwork('::192.0.2.0/120')
# Split it into /28 subnet CIDRs (mix CIDR objects and CIDR strings).
>>> cidr_subnets = []
>>> cidr_subnets.extend([str(c) for c in orig_cidr_ipv4.subnet(28)])
>>> cidr_subnets.extend(list(orig_cidr_ipv4.subnet(28)))
>>> cidr_subnets.extend([str(c) for c in orig_cidr_ipv6.subnet(124)])
>>> cidr_subnets.extend(list(orig_cidr_ipv6.subnet(124)))
# Add a couple of duplicates in to make sure summarization is working OK.
>>> cidr_subnets.append('192.0.2.1/32')
>>> cidr_subnets.append('192.0.2.128/25')
>>> cidr_subnets.append('::192.0.2.92/128')
# Randomize the order of subnets.
>>> random.shuffle(cidr_subnets)
# Perform summarization operation.
>>> merged_cidrs = cidr_merge(cidr_subnets)
>>> merged_cidrs
[IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/23'), IPNetwork('::192.0.2.0/120')]
>>> merged_cidrs == [orig_cidr_ipv4, orig_cidr_ipv6]
True
}}}

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=IP Constructor Stress Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
}}}
IPAddress constructor - integer values.
{{{
>>> IPAddress(1)
IPAddress('0.0.0.1')
>>> IPAddress(1, 4)
IPAddress('0.0.0.1')
>>> IPAddress(1, 6)
IPAddress('::1')
>>> IPAddress(10)
IPAddress('0.0.0.10')
>>> IPAddress(0x1ffffffff)
IPAddress('::1:ffff:ffff')
>>> IPAddress(0xffffffff, 6)
IPAddress('::255.255.255.255')
>>> IPAddress(0x1ffffffff)
IPAddress('::1:ffff:ffff')
>>> IPAddress(2 ** 128 - 1)
IPAddress('ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff')
}}}
IPAddress constructor - IPv4 inet_aton behaviour (default).
{{{
# Hexadecimal octets.
>>> IPAddress('0x7f.0x1')
IPAddress('127.0.0.1')
>>> IPAddress('0x7f.0x0.0x0.0x1')
IPAddress('127.0.0.1')
# Octal octets.
>>> IPAddress('0177.01')
IPAddress('127.0.0.1')
# Mixed octets.
>>> IPAddress('0x7f.0.01')
IPAddress('127.0.0.1')
# Partial addresses - pretty weird ...
>>> IPAddress('127')
IPAddress('0.0.0.127')
>>> IPAddress('127')
IPAddress('0.0.0.127')
>>> IPAddress('127.1')
IPAddress('127.0.0.1')
>>> IPAddress('127.0.1')
IPAddress('127.0.0.1')
}}}
IPAddress constructor - IPv4 inet_pton behaviour (stricter parser).
{{{
# Octal octets.
>>> IPAddress('0177.01', flags=INET_PTON)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AddrFormatError: failed to detect a valid IP address from '0177.01'
# Mixed octets.
>>> IPAddress('0x7f.0.01', flags=INET_PTON)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AddrFormatError: failed to detect a valid IP address from '0x7f.0.01'
# Partial octets.
>>> IPAddress('10', flags=INET_PTON)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AddrFormatError: failed to detect a valid IP address from '10'
>>> IPAddress('10.1', flags=INET_PTON)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AddrFormatError: failed to detect a valid IP address from '10.1'
>>> IPAddress('10.0.1', flags=INET_PTON)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AddrFormatError: failed to detect a valid IP address from '10.0.1'
>>> IPAddress('10.0.0.1', flags=INET_PTON)
IPAddress('10.0.0.1')
}}}
IPAddress constructor - zero filled octets.
{{{
# This takes a lot of people by surprise ...
>>> IPAddress('010.000.000.001')
IPAddress('8.0.0.1')
# So, we need this!
>>> IPAddress('010.000.000.001', flags=ZEROFILL)
IPAddress('10.0.0.1')
# Zero-fill with inet_aton behaviour - partial octets are OK but zero-filled
# octets are interpreted as decimal ...
>>> IPAddress('010.000.001', flags=ZEROFILL)
IPAddress('10.0.0.1')
# Zero-fill with inet_pton behaviour - 4 octets only!
>>> IPAddress('010.000.001', flags=INET_PTON|ZEROFILL)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AddrFormatError: failed to detect a valid IP address from '010.000.001'
# Zero-fill with inet_pton behaviour - 4 octets only!
>>> IPAddress('010.000.000.001', flags=INET_PTON|ZEROFILL)
IPAddress('10.0.0.1')
# To save some typing there are short versions of these flags.
>>> IPAddress('010.000.000.001', flags=P|Z)
IPAddress('10.0.0.1')
}}}
IP network construction.
{{{
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/255.255.255.0')
IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/0.0.0.255')
IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
>>> IPNetwork(IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24'))
IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
>>> IPNetwork(IPNetwork('::192.0.2.0/120'))
IPNetwork('::192.0.2.0/120')
>>> IPNetwork(IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24'))
IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
>>> IPNetwork('::192.0.2.0/120')
IPNetwork('::192.0.2.0/120')
>>> IPNetwork('::192.0.2.0/120', 6)
IPNetwork('::192.0.2.0/120')
}}}
Optional implicit IP network prefix selection rules.
{{{
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0', implicit_prefix=True)
IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
>>> IPNetwork('231.192.0.15', implicit_prefix=True)
IPNetwork('231.192.0.15/4')
>>> IPNetwork('10', implicit_prefix=True)
IPNetwork('10.0.0.0/8')
}}}
Optional flags for tweaking IPNetwork constructor behaviour.
{{{
>>> IPNetwork('172.24.200')
IPNetwork('172.24.200.0/32')
>>> IPNetwork('172.24.200', implicit_prefix=True)
IPNetwork('172.24.200.0/16')
# Truncate the host bits so we get a pure network.
>>> IPNetwork('172.24.200', implicit_prefix=True, flags=NOHOST)
IPNetwork('172.24.0.0/16')
}}}
Negative testing
{{{
>>> IPNetwork('foo')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AddrFormatError: invalid IPNetwork foo
}}}
Netmasks
{{{
>>> IPAddress('1.1.1.1').netmask_bits()
32
>>> IPAddress('255.255.255.254').netmask_bits()
31
>>> IPAddress('255.255.255.0').netmask_bits()
24
>>> IPAddress('::').netmask_bits()
128
}}}

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=IP formatting options=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
}}}
==IPAddress representations==
{{{
>>> hex(IPAddress(0))
'0x0'
>>> hex(IPAddress(0xffffffff))
'0xffffffff'
>>> oct(IPAddress(0))
'0'
>>> oct(IPAddress(0xffffffff))
'037777777777'
}}}

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=IP Function Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
}}}
During a cidr merge operation, the address 0.0.0.0/0, representing the whole of the IPv4 address space, should swallow anything it is merged with.
{{{
>>> cidr_merge(['0.0.0.0/0', '0.0.0.0'])
[IPNetwork('0.0.0.0/0')]
>>> cidr_merge(['0.0.0.0/0', '255.255.255.255'])
[IPNetwork('0.0.0.0/0')]
>>> cidr_merge(['0.0.0.0/0', '192.0.2.0/24', '10.0.0.0/8'])
[IPNetwork('0.0.0.0/0')]
}}}
Same goes for the IPv6 CIDR ::/0, representing the whole of the IPv6 address space.
{{{
>>> cidr_merge(['::/0', 'fe80::1'])
[IPNetwork('::/0')]
>>> cidr_merge(['::/0', '::'])
[IPNetwork('::/0')]
>>> cidr_merge(['::/0', '::192.0.2.0/124', 'ff00::101'])
[IPNetwork('::/0')]
}}}
This also applies to mixed IPv4 and IPv6 address lists.
{{{
>>> cidr_merge(['0.0.0.0/0', '0.0.0.0', '::/0', '::'])
[IPNetwork('0.0.0.0/0'), IPNetwork('::/0')]
}}}

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=IP Glob Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
}}}
IP Glob tests.
{{{
>>> cidr_to_glob('10.0.0.1/32')
'10.0.0.1'
>>> cidr_to_glob('192.0.2.0/24')
'192.0.2.*'
>>> cidr_to_glob('172.16.0.0/12')
'172.16-31.*.*'
>>> cidr_to_glob('0.0.0.0/0')
'*.*.*.*'
>>> glob_to_cidrs('10.0.0.1')
[IPNetwork('10.0.0.1/32')]
>>> glob_to_cidrs('192.0.2.*')
[IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')]
>>> glob_to_cidrs('172.16-31.*.*')
[IPNetwork('172.16.0.0/12')]
>>> glob_to_cidrs('*.*.*.*')
[IPNetwork('0.0.0.0/0')]
>>> glob_to_iptuple('*.*.*.*')
(IPAddress('0.0.0.0'), IPAddress('255.255.255.255'))
>>> iprange_to_globs('192.0.2.0', '192.0.2.255')
['192.0.2.*']
>>> iprange_to_globs('192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.15')
['192.0.2.1-15']
>>> iprange_to_globs('192.0.2.255', '192.0.4.1')
['192.0.2.255', '192.0.3.*', '192.0.4.0-1']
>>> iprange_to_globs('10.0.1.255', '10.0.255.255')
['10.0.1.255', '10.0.2-3.*', '10.0.4-7.*', '10.0.8-15.*', '10.0.16-31.*', '10.0.32-63.*', '10.0.64-127.*', '10.0.128-255.*']
}}}
Validity tests.
{{{
>>> valid_glob('1.1.1.a')
False
>>> valid_glob('1.1.1.1/32')
False
>>> valid_glob('1.1.1.a-b')
False
>>> valid_glob('1.1.a-b.*')
False
}}}

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=IPRange Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
}}}
Constructor tests.
{{{
>>> iprange = IPRange('192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.254')
>>> iprange
IPRange('192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.254')
>>> '%s' % iprange
'192.0.2.1-192.0.2.254'
>>> IPRange('::ffff:192.0.2.1', '::ffff:192.0.2.254')
IPRange('::ffff:192.0.2.1', '::ffff:192.0.2.254')
>>> IPRange('192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.1')
IPRange('192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.1')
>>> IPRange('208.049.164.000', '208.050.066.255', flags=ZEROFILL)
IPRange('208.49.164.0', '208.50.66.255')
}}}
Bad constructor tests.
{{{
>>> IPRange('192.0.2.2', '192.0.2.1')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AddrFormatError: lower bound IP greater than upper bound!
>>> IPRange('::', '0.0.0.1')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AddrFormatError: base address '0.0.0.1' is not IPv6
>>> IPRange('0.0.0.0', '::1')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AddrFormatError: base address '::1' is not IPv4
}}}
Indexing and slicing tests.
{{{
>>> iprange = IPRange('192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.254')
>>> len(iprange)
254
>>> iprange.first == 3221225985
True
>>> iprange.last == 3221226238
True
>>> iprange[0]
IPAddress('192.0.2.1')
>>> iprange[-1]
IPAddress('192.0.2.254')
>>> iprange[512]
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: index out range for address range size!
>>> list(iprange[0:3])
[IPAddress('192.0.2.1'), IPAddress('192.0.2.2'), IPAddress('192.0.2.3')]
>>> list(iprange[0:10:2])
[IPAddress('192.0.2.1'), IPAddress('192.0.2.3'), IPAddress('192.0.2.5'), IPAddress('192.0.2.7'), IPAddress('192.0.2.9')]
>>> list(iprange[0:1024:512])
[IPAddress('192.0.2.1')]
>>> IPRange('::ffff:192.0.2.1', '::ffff:192.0.2.254')[0:10:2]
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: IPv6 slices are not supported!
}}}
Membership tests.
{{{
>>> IPRange('192.0.2.5', '192.0.2.10') in IPRange('192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.254')
True
>>> IPRange('fe80::1', 'fe80::fffe') in IPRange('fe80::', 'fe80::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff')
True
>>> IPRange('192.0.2.5', '192.0.2.10') in IPRange('::', '::255.255.255.255')
False
}}}
Sorting tests.
{{{
>>> ipranges = (IPRange('192.0.2.40', '192.0.2.50'), IPRange('192.0.2.20', '192.0.2.30'), IPRange('192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.254'),)
>>> sorted(ipranges)
[IPRange('192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.254'), IPRange('192.0.2.20', '192.0.2.30'), IPRange('192.0.2.40', '192.0.2.50')]
>>> ipranges = list(ipranges)
>>> ipranges.append(IPRange('192.0.2.45', '192.0.2.49'))
>>> sorted(ipranges)
[IPRange('192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.254'), IPRange('192.0.2.20', '192.0.2.30'), IPRange('192.0.2.40', '192.0.2.50'), IPRange('192.0.2.45', '192.0.2.49')]
}}}
CIDR interoperability tests.
{{{
>>> IPRange('192.0.2.5', '192.0.2.10').cidrs()
[IPNetwork('192.0.2.5/32'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.6/31'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.8/31'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.10/32')]
>>> IPRange('fe80::', 'fe80::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff').cidrs()
[IPNetwork('fe80::/64')]
}}}
Various additional tests.
{{{
>>> iprange.info
{'IPv4': [{'date': '1993-05',
'designation': 'Administered by ARIN',
'prefix': '192/8',
'status': 'Legacy',
'whois': 'whois.arin.net'}]}
>>> iprange.is_private()
True
>>> iprange.version
4
len() fails when the IPRange is longer than sys.maxint, which is quite likely with IPv6.
>>> from netaddr.compat import _sys_maxint
>>> r = IPRange(IPAddress("::0"), IPAddress(_sys_maxint, 6))
>>> len(r)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: range contains more than ...
>>> r = IPRange(IPAddress("::0"), IPAddress(_sys_maxint - 1, 6))
>>> len(r) == _sys_maxint
True
}}}

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=IP Matching Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
>>> largest_matching_cidr('192.0.2.0', ['192.0.2.0'])
IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/32')
>>> largest_matching_cidr('192.0.2.0', ['10.0.0.1', '192.0.2.0'])
IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/32')
>>> largest_matching_cidr('192.0.2.0', ['10.0.0.1', '192.0.2.0', '224.0.0.1'])
IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/32')
>>> smallest_matching_cidr('192.0.2.0', ['10.0.0.1', '192.0.2.0', '224.0.0.1'])
IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/32')
>>> smallest_matching_cidr('192.0.2.32', ['0.0.0.0/0', '10.0.0.0/8', '192.0.0.0/8', '192.0.1.0/24', '192.0.2.0/24', '192.0.3.0/24'])
IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
>>> all_matching_cidrs('192.0.2.32', ['0.0.0.0/0', '10.0.0.0/8', '192.0.0.0/8', '192.0.1.0/24', '192.0.2.0/24', '192.0.3.0/24'])
[IPNetwork('0.0.0.0/0'), IPNetwork('192.0.0.0/8'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')]
>>> smallest_matching_cidr('192.0.2.0', ['10.0.0.1', '224.0.0.1'])
>>> largest_matching_cidr('192.0.2.0', ['10.0.0.1', '224.0.0.1'])
>>> networks = [str(c) for c in IPNetwork('192.0.2.128/27').supernet(22)]
>>> networks
['192.0.0.0/22', '192.0.2.0/23', '192.0.2.0/24', '192.0.2.128/25', '192.0.2.128/26']
>>> all_matching_cidrs('192.0.2.0', networks)
[IPNetwork('192.0.0.0/22'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/23'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')]
>>> smallest_matching_cidr('192.0.2.0', networks)
IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
>>> largest_matching_cidr('192.0.2.0', networks)
IPNetwork('192.0.0.0/22')
}}}
Checking matches with varying IP address versions.
{{{
>>> all_matching_cidrs('192.0.2.0', ['192.0.2.0/24'])
[IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')]
>>> all_matching_cidrs('192.0.2.0', ['::/96'])
[]
>>> all_matching_cidrs('::ffff:192.0.2.1', ['::ffff:192.0.2.0/96'])
[IPNetwork('::ffff:192.0.2.0/96')]
>>> all_matching_cidrs('::192.0.2.1', ['::192.0.2.0/96'])
[IPNetwork('::192.0.2.0/96')]
>>> all_matching_cidrs('::192.0.2.1', ['192.0.2.0/23'])
[]
>>> all_matching_cidrs('::192.0.2.1', ['192.0.2.0/24', '::192.0.2.0/120'])
[IPNetwork('::192.0.2.0/120')]
>>> all_matching_cidrs('::192.0.2.1', [IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24'), IPNetwork('::192.0.2.0/120')])
[IPNetwork('::192.0.2.0/120')]
}}}

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=IP Multicast Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
>>> ip = IPAddress('239.192.0.1')
>>> ip.is_multicast()
True
>>> ip = IPAddress(3221225984)
>>> ip = IPAddress('224.0.1.173')
>>> ip.info.IPv4[0].designation
'Multicast'
>>> ip.info.IPv4[0].prefix
'224/8'
>>> ip.info.IPv4[0].status
'Reserved'
>>> ip.info.Multicast[0].address
'224.0.1.173'
}}

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=nmap IP Range Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
}}}
nmap IP range validation.
{{{
>>> valid_nmap_range('192.0.2.1')
True
>>> valid_nmap_range('192.0.2.0-31')
True
>>> valid_nmap_range('192.0.2-3.1-254')
True
>>> valid_nmap_range('0-255.0-255.0-255.0-255')
True
>>> valid_nmap_range('192.168.3-5,7.1')
True
>>> valid_nmap_range('192.168.3-5,7,10-12,13,14.1')
True
>>> valid_nmap_range(1)
False
>>> valid_nmap_range('1')
False
>>> valid_nmap_range([])
False
>>> valid_nmap_range({})
False
>>> valid_nmap_range('::')
False
>>> valid_nmap_range('255.255.255.256')
False
>>> valid_nmap_range('0-255.0-255.0-255.0-256')
False
>>> valid_nmap_range('0-255.0-255.0-255.-1-0')
False
>>> valid_nmap_range('0-255.0-255.0-255.256-0')
False
>>> valid_nmap_range('0-255.0-255.0-255.255-0')
False
>>> valid_nmap_range('a.b.c.d-e')
False
>>> valid_nmap_range('255.255.255.a-b')
False
}}}
nmap IP range iteration.
{{{
>>> list(iter_nmap_range('192.0.2.1'))
[IPAddress('192.0.2.1')]
>>> ip_list = list(iter_nmap_range('192.0.2.0-31'))
>>> len(ip_list)
32
>>> ip_list
[IPAddress('192.0.2.0'), IPAddress('192.0.2.1'), IPAddress('192.0.2.2'), IPAddress('192.0.2.3'), IPAddress('192.0.2.4'), IPAddress('192.0.2.5'), IPAddress('192.0.2.6'), IPAddress('192.0.2.7'), IPAddress('192.0.2.8'), IPAddress('192.0.2.9'), IPAddress('192.0.2.10'), IPAddress('192.0.2.11'), IPAddress('192.0.2.12'), IPAddress('192.0.2.13'), IPAddress('192.0.2.14'), IPAddress('192.0.2.15'), IPAddress('192.0.2.16'), IPAddress('192.0.2.17'), IPAddress('192.0.2.18'), IPAddress('192.0.2.19'), IPAddress('192.0.2.20'), IPAddress('192.0.2.21'), IPAddress('192.0.2.22'), IPAddress('192.0.2.23'), IPAddress('192.0.2.24'), IPAddress('192.0.2.25'), IPAddress('192.0.2.26'), IPAddress('192.0.2.27'), IPAddress('192.0.2.28'), IPAddress('192.0.2.29'), IPAddress('192.0.2.30'), IPAddress('192.0.2.31')]
>>> ip_list = list(iter_nmap_range('192.0.2-3.1-7'))
>>> len(ip_list)
14
>>> list(iter_nmap_range('192.0.2.1-3,5,7-9'))
[IPAddress('192.0.2.1'), IPAddress('192.0.2.2'), IPAddress('192.0.2.3'), IPAddress('192.0.2.5'), IPAddress('192.0.2.7'), IPAddress('192.0.2.8'), IPAddress('192.0.2.9')]
>>> for ip in ip_list:
... print ip
...
192.0.2.1
192.0.2.2
192.0.2.3
192.0.2.4
192.0.2.5
192.0.2.6
192.0.2.7
192.0.3.1
192.0.3.2
192.0.3.3
192.0.3.4
192.0.3.5
192.0.3.6
192.0.3.7
>>> list(iter_nmap_range('::'))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AddrFormatError: invalid nmap range: ::
Remove duplicates, just like nmap does.
>>> list(iter_nmap_range('10.0.0.42,42-42'))
[IPAddress('10.0.0.42')]
}}}

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=IP Persistence Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
>>> import pickle
}}}
IPAddress object pickling - IPv4.
{{{
>>> ip = IPAddress(3221225985)
>>> ip
IPAddress('192.0.2.1')
>>> buf = pickle.dumps(ip)
>>> ip2 = pickle.loads(buf)
>>> ip2 == ip
True
>>> id(ip2) != id(ip)
True
>>> ip2.value == 3221225985
True
>>> ip2.version
4
>>> del ip, buf, ip2
}}}
IPAddress object pickling - IPv6.
{{{
>>> ip = IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.1')
>>> ip
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.1')
>>> ip.value == 281473902969345
True
>>> buf = pickle.dumps(ip)
>>> ip2 = pickle.loads(buf)
>>> ip2 == ip
True
>>> ip2.value == 281473902969345
True
>>> ip2.version
6
>>> del ip, buf, ip2
}}}
IPNetwork pickling - IPv4.
{{{
>>> cidr = IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
>>> cidr
IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
>>> buf = pickle.dumps(cidr)
>>> cidr2 = pickle.loads(buf)
>>> cidr2 == cidr
True
>>> id(cidr2) != id(cidr)
True
>>> cidr2.value == 3221225984
True
>>> cidr2.prefixlen
24
>>> cidr2.version
4
>>> del cidr, buf, cidr2
}}}
IPNetwork object pickling - IPv6.
{{{
>>> cidr = IPNetwork('::ffff:192.0.2.0/120')
>>> cidr
IPNetwork('::ffff:192.0.2.0/120')
>>> cidr.value == 281473902969344
True
>>> cidr.prefixlen
120
>>> buf = pickle.dumps(cidr)
>>> cidr2 = pickle.loads(buf)
>>> cidr2 == cidr
True
>>> cidr2.value == 281473902969344
True
>>> cidr2.prefixlen
120
>>> cidr2.version
6
>>> del cidr, buf, cidr2
}}}
}}}
IPRange object pickling - IPv4.
{{{
>>> iprange = IPRange('192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.254')
>>> iprange
IPRange('192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.254')
>>> iprange.first == 3221225985
True
>>> iprange.last == 3221226238
True
>>> iprange.version
4
>>> buf = pickle.dumps(iprange)
>>> iprange2 = pickle.loads(buf)
>>> iprange2 == iprange
True
>>> id(iprange2) != id(iprange)
True
>>> iprange2.first == 3221225985
True
>>> iprange2.last == 3221226238
True
>>> iprange2.version
4
>>> del iprange, buf, iprange2
}}}
IPRange object pickling - IPv6.
{{{
>>> iprange = IPRange('::ffff:192.0.2.1', '::ffff:192.0.2.254')
>>> iprange
IPRange('::ffff:192.0.2.1', '::ffff:192.0.2.254')
>>> iprange.first == 281473902969345
True
>>> iprange.last == 281473902969598
True
>>> iprange.version
6
>>> buf = pickle.dumps(iprange)
>>> iprange2 = pickle.loads(buf)
>>> iprange2 == iprange
True
>>> iprange2.first == 281473902969345
True
>>> iprange2.last == 281473902969598
True
>>> iprange2.version
6
>>> del iprange, buf, iprange2
}}}

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=Mac OSX Specific Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
}}}
Worst case IPv4 compatible IPv6 range to CIDR.
{{{
>>> for ip in iprange_to_cidrs('::1', '::255.255.255.254'):
... ip
...
IPNetwork('::1/128')
IPNetwork('::0.0.0.2/127')
IPNetwork('::0.0.0.4/126')
IPNetwork('::0.0.0.8/125')
IPNetwork('::0.0.0.16/124')
IPNetwork('::0.0.0.32/123')
IPNetwork('::0.0.0.64/122')
IPNetwork('::0.0.0.128/121')
IPNetwork('::0.0.1.0/120')
IPNetwork('::0.0.2.0/119')
IPNetwork('::0.0.4.0/118')
IPNetwork('::0.0.8.0/117')
IPNetwork('::0.0.16.0/116')
IPNetwork('::0.0.32.0/115')
IPNetwork('::0.0.64.0/114')
IPNetwork('::0.0.128.0/113')
IPNetwork('::0.1.0.0/112')
IPNetwork('::0.2.0.0/111')
IPNetwork('::0.4.0.0/110')
IPNetwork('::0.8.0.0/109')
IPNetwork('::0.16.0.0/108')
IPNetwork('::0.32.0.0/107')
IPNetwork('::0.64.0.0/106')
IPNetwork('::0.128.0.0/105')
IPNetwork('::1.0.0.0/104')
IPNetwork('::2.0.0.0/103')
IPNetwork('::4.0.0.0/102')
IPNetwork('::8.0.0.0/101')
IPNetwork('::16.0.0.0/100')
IPNetwork('::32.0.0.0/99')
IPNetwork('::64.0.0.0/98')
IPNetwork('::128.0.0.0/98')
IPNetwork('::192.0.0.0/99')
IPNetwork('::224.0.0.0/100')
IPNetwork('::240.0.0.0/101')
IPNetwork('::248.0.0.0/102')
IPNetwork('::252.0.0.0/103')
IPNetwork('::254.0.0.0/104')
IPNetwork('::255.0.0.0/105')
IPNetwork('::255.128.0.0/106')
IPNetwork('::255.192.0.0/107')
IPNetwork('::255.224.0.0/108')
IPNetwork('::255.240.0.0/109')
IPNetwork('::255.248.0.0/110')
IPNetwork('::255.252.0.0/111')
IPNetwork('::255.254.0.0/112')
IPNetwork('::255.255.0.0/113')
IPNetwork('::255.255.128.0/114')
IPNetwork('::255.255.192.0/115')
IPNetwork('::255.255.224.0/116')
IPNetwork('::255.255.240.0/117')
IPNetwork('::255.255.248.0/118')
IPNetwork('::255.255.252.0/119')
IPNetwork('::255.255.254.0/120')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.0/121')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.128/122')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.192/123')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.224/124')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.240/125')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.248/126')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.252/127')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.254/128')
# inet_pton has to be different on Mac OSX *sigh*
>>> IPAddress('010.000.000.001', flags=INET_PTON)
IPAddress('10.0.0.1')
>>> from netaddr.strategy.ipv6 import int_to_str
>>> int_to_str(0xffff)
'::0.0.255.255'
}}}

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=Linux Specific Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
}}}
Worst case IPv4 compatible IPv6 range to CIDR.
{{{
>>> for ip in iprange_to_cidrs('::1', '::255.255.255.254'):
... ip
...
IPNetwork('::1/128')
IPNetwork('::2/127')
IPNetwork('::4/126')
IPNetwork('::8/125')
IPNetwork('::10/124')
IPNetwork('::20/123')
IPNetwork('::40/122')
IPNetwork('::80/121')
IPNetwork('::100/120')
IPNetwork('::200/119')
IPNetwork('::400/118')
IPNetwork('::800/117')
IPNetwork('::1000/116')
IPNetwork('::2000/115')
IPNetwork('::4000/114')
IPNetwork('::8000/113')
IPNetwork('::0.1.0.0/112')
IPNetwork('::0.2.0.0/111')
IPNetwork('::0.4.0.0/110')
IPNetwork('::0.8.0.0/109')
IPNetwork('::0.16.0.0/108')
IPNetwork('::0.32.0.0/107')
IPNetwork('::0.64.0.0/106')
IPNetwork('::0.128.0.0/105')
IPNetwork('::1.0.0.0/104')
IPNetwork('::2.0.0.0/103')
IPNetwork('::4.0.0.0/102')
IPNetwork('::8.0.0.0/101')
IPNetwork('::16.0.0.0/100')
IPNetwork('::32.0.0.0/99')
IPNetwork('::64.0.0.0/98')
IPNetwork('::128.0.0.0/98')
IPNetwork('::192.0.0.0/99')
IPNetwork('::224.0.0.0/100')
IPNetwork('::240.0.0.0/101')
IPNetwork('::248.0.0.0/102')
IPNetwork('::252.0.0.0/103')
IPNetwork('::254.0.0.0/104')
IPNetwork('::255.0.0.0/105')
IPNetwork('::255.128.0.0/106')
IPNetwork('::255.192.0.0/107')
IPNetwork('::255.224.0.0/108')
IPNetwork('::255.240.0.0/109')
IPNetwork('::255.248.0.0/110')
IPNetwork('::255.252.0.0/111')
IPNetwork('::255.254.0.0/112')
IPNetwork('::255.255.0.0/113')
IPNetwork('::255.255.128.0/114')
IPNetwork('::255.255.192.0/115')
IPNetwork('::255.255.224.0/116')
IPNetwork('::255.255.240.0/117')
IPNetwork('::255.255.248.0/118')
IPNetwork('::255.255.252.0/119')
IPNetwork('::255.255.254.0/120')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.0/121')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.128/122')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.192/123')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.224/124')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.240/125')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.248/126')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.252/127')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.254/128')
# Sadly, inet_pton cannot help us here ...
>>> IPAddress('010.000.000.001', flags=INET_PTON)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AddrFormatError: failed to detect a valid IP address from '010.000.000.001'
>>> from netaddr.strategy.ipv6 import int_to_str
>>> int_to_str(0xffff)
'::ffff'
}}}

92
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=Windows Specific Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
}}}
Worst case IPv4 compatible IPv6 range to CIDR.
{{{
>>> for ip in iprange_to_cidrs('::1', '::255.255.255.254'):
... ip
...
IPNetwork('::1/128')
IPNetwork('::2/127')
IPNetwork('::4/126')
IPNetwork('::8/125')
IPNetwork('::10/124')
IPNetwork('::20/123')
IPNetwork('::40/122')
IPNetwork('::80/121')
IPNetwork('::100/120')
IPNetwork('::200/119')
IPNetwork('::400/118')
IPNetwork('::800/117')
IPNetwork('::1000/116')
IPNetwork('::2000/115')
IPNetwork('::4000/114')
IPNetwork('::8000/113')
IPNetwork('::0.1.0.0/112')
IPNetwork('::0.2.0.0/111')
IPNetwork('::0.4.0.0/110')
IPNetwork('::0.8.0.0/109')
IPNetwork('::0.16.0.0/108')
IPNetwork('::0.32.0.0/107')
IPNetwork('::0.64.0.0/106')
IPNetwork('::0.128.0.0/105')
IPNetwork('::1.0.0.0/104')
IPNetwork('::2.0.0.0/103')
IPNetwork('::4.0.0.0/102')
IPNetwork('::8.0.0.0/101')
IPNetwork('::16.0.0.0/100')
IPNetwork('::32.0.0.0/99')
IPNetwork('::64.0.0.0/98')
IPNetwork('::128.0.0.0/98')
IPNetwork('::192.0.0.0/99')
IPNetwork('::224.0.0.0/100')
IPNetwork('::240.0.0.0/101')
IPNetwork('::248.0.0.0/102')
IPNetwork('::252.0.0.0/103')
IPNetwork('::254.0.0.0/104')
IPNetwork('::255.0.0.0/105')
IPNetwork('::255.128.0.0/106')
IPNetwork('::255.192.0.0/107')
IPNetwork('::255.224.0.0/108')
IPNetwork('::255.240.0.0/109')
IPNetwork('::255.248.0.0/110')
IPNetwork('::255.252.0.0/111')
IPNetwork('::255.254.0.0/112')
IPNetwork('::255.255.0.0/113')
IPNetwork('::255.255.128.0/114')
IPNetwork('::255.255.192.0/115')
IPNetwork('::255.255.224.0/116')
IPNetwork('::255.255.240.0/117')
IPNetwork('::255.255.248.0/118')
IPNetwork('::255.255.252.0/119')
IPNetwork('::255.255.254.0/120')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.0/121')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.128/122')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.192/123')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.224/124')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.240/125')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.248/126')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.252/127')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.254/128')
# Sadly, inet_pton cannot help us here ...
>>> IPAddress('010.000.000.001', flags=INET_PTON)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AddrFormatError: failed to detect a valid IP address from '010.000.000.001'
>>> from netaddr.strategy.ipv6 import int_to_str
>>> int_to_str(0xffff)
'::ffff'
}}}

33
netaddr/tests/2.x/ip/rfc1924.txt Normal file
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=RFC 1924 Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
The example from the RFC.
{{{
>>> from netaddr.ip.rfc1924 import ipv6_to_base85, base85_to_ipv6
>>> ip_addr = '1080::8:800:200c:417a'
>>> ip_addr
'1080::8:800:200c:417a'
>>> base85 = ipv6_to_base85(ip_addr)
>>> base85
'4)+k&C#VzJ4br>0wv%Yp'
RFC specifies that "leading zeroes are never omitted"
>>> ipv6_to_base85("::1")
'00000000000000000001'
>>> base85_to_ipv6(base85)
'1080::8:800:200c:417a'
Invalid length for a base85 encoded IPv6 address
>>> base85_to_ipv6('not 20 chars')
Traceback (most recent call last):
AddrFormatError: Invalid base 85 IPv6 address: 'not 20 chars'
}}}

526
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First of all you need to pull the various netaddr classes and functions into your namespace.
.. note:: Do this for the purpose of this tutorial only. In your own code, you should be explicit about the classes, functions and constants you import to avoid name clashes.
>>> from netaddr import *
----------------
Creating IP sets
----------------
Here how to create IP sets.
An empty set.
>>> IPSet()
IPSet([])
>>> IPSet([])
IPSet([])
>>> len(IPSet([]))
0
You can specify either IP addresses and networks as strings. Alternatively, you
can use IPAddress, IPNetwork, IPRange or other IPSet objects.
>>> IPSet(['192.0.2.0'])
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32'])
>>> IPSet([IPAddress('192.0.2.0')])
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32'])
>>> IPSet([IPNetwork('192.0.2.0')])
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32'])
>>> IPSet(IPNetwork('1234::/32'))
IPSet(['1234::/32'])
>>> IPSet([IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')])
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/24'])
>>> IPSet(IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32']))
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32'])
>>> IPSet(IPRange("10.0.0.0", "10.0.1.31"))
IPSet(['10.0.0.0/24', '10.0.1.0/27'])
>>> IPSet(IPRange('0.0.0.0', '255.255.255.255'))
IPSet(['0.0.0.0/0'])
You can interate over all the IP addresses that are members of the IP set.
>>> for ip in IPSet(['192.0.2.0/28', '::192.0.2.0/124']):
... print ip
192.0.2.0
192.0.2.1
192.0.2.2
192.0.2.3
192.0.2.4
192.0.2.5
192.0.2.6
192.0.2.7
192.0.2.8
192.0.2.9
192.0.2.10
192.0.2.11
192.0.2.12
192.0.2.13
192.0.2.14
192.0.2.15
::192.0.2.0
::192.0.2.1
::192.0.2.2
::192.0.2.3
::192.0.2.4
::192.0.2.5
::192.0.2.6
::192.0.2.7
::192.0.2.8
::192.0.2.9
::192.0.2.10
::192.0.2.11
::192.0.2.12
::192.0.2.13
::192.0.2.14
::192.0.2.15
--------------------------------
Adding and removing set elements
--------------------------------
>>> s1 = IPSet()
>>> s1.add('192.0.2.0')
>>> s1
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32'])
>>> s1.remove('192.0.2.0')
>>> s1
IPSet([])
>>> s1.add(IPRange("10.0.0.0", "10.0.0.255"))
>>> s1
IPSet(['10.0.0.0/24'])
>>> s1.remove(IPRange("10.0.0.128", "10.10.10.10"))
>>> s1
IPSet(['10.0.0.0/25'])
--------------
Set membership
--------------
Here is a simple arbitrary IP address range.
>>> iprange = IPRange('192.0.1.255', '192.0.2.16')
We can see the CIDR networks that can existing with this defined range.
>>> iprange.cidrs()
[IPNetwork('192.0.1.255/32'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/28'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.16/32')]
Here's an IP set.
>>> ipset = IPSet(['192.0.2.0/28'])
Now, let's iterate over the IP addresses in the arbitrary IP address range and see if they are found within the IP set.
>>> for ip in iprange:
... print ip, ip in ipset
192.0.1.255 False
192.0.2.0 True
192.0.2.1 True
192.0.2.2 True
192.0.2.3 True
192.0.2.4 True
192.0.2.5 True
192.0.2.6 True
192.0.2.7 True
192.0.2.8 True
192.0.2.9 True
192.0.2.10 True
192.0.2.11 True
192.0.2.12 True
192.0.2.13 True
192.0.2.14 True
192.0.2.15 True
192.0.2.16 False
More exotic IPSets
>>> bigone = IPSet(['0.0.0.0/0'])
>>> IPAddress("10.0.0.1") in bigone
True
>>> IPAddress("0.0.0.0") in bigone
True
>>> IPAddress("255.255.255") in bigone
True
>>> IPNetwork("10.0.0.0/24") in bigone
True
>>> IPAddress("::1") in bigone
False
>>> smallone = IPSet(["10.0.0.42/32"])
>>> IPAddress("10.0.0.42") in smallone
True
>>> IPAddress("10.0.0.41") in smallone
False
>>> IPAddress("10.0.0.43") in smallone
False
>>> IPNetwork("10.0.0.42/32") in smallone
True
>>> IPNetwork("10.0.0.42/31") in smallone
False
-------------------------------------
Unions, intersections and differences
-------------------------------------
Here are some examples of union operations performed on `IPSet` objects.
>>> IPSet(['192.0.2.0'])
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32'])
>>> IPSet(['192.0.2.0']) | IPSet(['192.0.2.1'])
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/31'])
>>> IPSet(['192.0.2.0']) | IPSet(['192.0.2.1']) | IPSet(['192.0.2.3'])
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/31', '192.0.2.3/32'])
>>> IPSet(['192.0.2.0']) | IPSet(['192.0.2.1']) | IPSet(['192.0.2.3/30'])
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/30'])
>>> IPSet(['192.0.2.0']) | IPSet(['192.0.2.1']) | IPSet(['192.0.2.3/31'])
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/30'])
>>> IPSet(['192.0.2.0/24']) | IPSet(['192.0.3.0/24']) | IPSet(['192.0.4.0/24'])
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/23', '192.0.4.0/24'])
Here is an example of the union, intersection and symmetric difference operations all in play at the same time.
>>> adj_cidrs = list(IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24').subnet(28))
>>> even_cidrs = adj_cidrs[::2]
>>> evens = IPSet(even_cidrs)
>>> evens
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/28', '192.0.2.32/28', '192.0.2.64/28', '192.0.2.96/28', '192.0.2.128/28', '192.0.2.160/28', '192.0.2.192/28', '192.0.2.224/28'])
>>> IPSet(['192.0.2.0/24']) & evens
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/28', '192.0.2.32/28', '192.0.2.64/28', '192.0.2.96/28', '192.0.2.128/28', '192.0.2.160/28', '192.0.2.192/28', '192.0.2.224/28'])
>>> odds = IPSet(['192.0.2.0/24']) ^ evens
>>> odds
IPSet(['192.0.2.16/28', '192.0.2.48/28', '192.0.2.80/28', '192.0.2.112/28', '192.0.2.144/28', '192.0.2.176/28', '192.0.2.208/28', '192.0.2.240/28'])
>>> evens | odds
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/24'])
>>> evens & odds
IPSet([])
>>> evens ^ odds
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/24'])
---------------------
Supersets and subsets
---------------------
IP sets provide the ability to test whether a group of addresses ranges fit within the set of another group of address ranges.
>>> s1 = IPSet(['192.0.2.0/24', '192.0.4.0/24'])
>>> s2 = IPSet(['192.0.2.0', '192.0.4.0'])
>>> s1
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/24', '192.0.4.0/24'])
>>> s2
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32', '192.0.4.0/32'])
>>> s1.issuperset(s2)
True
>>> s2.issubset(s1)
True
>>> s2.issuperset(s1)
False
>>> s1.issubset(s2)
False
Here's a more complete example using various well known IPv4 address ranges.
>>> ipv4_addr_space = IPSet(['0.0.0.0/0'])
>>> private = IPSet(['10.0.0.0/8', '172.16.0.0/12', '192.0.2.0/24', '192.168.0.0/16', '239.192.0.0/14'])
>>> reserved = IPSet(['225.0.0.0/8', '226.0.0.0/7', '228.0.0.0/6', '234.0.0.0/7', '236.0.0.0/7', '238.0.0.0/8', '240.0.0.0/4'])
>>> unavailable = reserved | private
>>> available = ipv4_addr_space ^ unavailable
Let's see what we've got:
>>> for cidr in available.iter_cidrs():
... print cidr, cidr[0], cidr[-1]
0.0.0.0/5 0.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
8.0.0.0/7 8.0.0.0 9.255.255.255
11.0.0.0/8 11.0.0.0 11.255.255.255
12.0.0.0/6 12.0.0.0 15.255.255.255
16.0.0.0/4 16.0.0.0 31.255.255.255
32.0.0.0/3 32.0.0.0 63.255.255.255
64.0.0.0/2 64.0.0.0 127.255.255.255
128.0.0.0/3 128.0.0.0 159.255.255.255
160.0.0.0/5 160.0.0.0 167.255.255.255
168.0.0.0/6 168.0.0.0 171.255.255.255
172.0.0.0/12 172.0.0.0 172.15.255.255
172.32.0.0/11 172.32.0.0 172.63.255.255
172.64.0.0/10 172.64.0.0 172.127.255.255
172.128.0.0/9 172.128.0.0 172.255.255.255
173.0.0.0/8 173.0.0.0 173.255.255.255
174.0.0.0/7 174.0.0.0 175.255.255.255
176.0.0.0/4 176.0.0.0 191.255.255.255
192.0.0.0/23 192.0.0.0 192.0.1.255
192.0.3.0/24 192.0.3.0 192.0.3.255
192.0.4.0/22 192.0.4.0 192.0.7.255
192.0.8.0/21 192.0.8.0 192.0.15.255
192.0.16.0/20 192.0.16.0 192.0.31.255
192.0.32.0/19 192.0.32.0 192.0.63.255
192.0.64.0/18 192.0.64.0 192.0.127.255
192.0.128.0/17 192.0.128.0 192.0.255.255
192.1.0.0/16 192.1.0.0 192.1.255.255
192.2.0.0/15 192.2.0.0 192.3.255.255
192.4.0.0/14 192.4.0.0 192.7.255.255
192.8.0.0/13 192.8.0.0 192.15.255.255
192.16.0.0/12 192.16.0.0 192.31.255.255
192.32.0.0/11 192.32.0.0 192.63.255.255
192.64.0.0/10 192.64.0.0 192.127.255.255
192.128.0.0/11 192.128.0.0 192.159.255.255
192.160.0.0/13 192.160.0.0 192.167.255.255
192.169.0.0/16 192.169.0.0 192.169.255.255
192.170.0.0/15 192.170.0.0 192.171.255.255
192.172.0.0/14 192.172.0.0 192.175.255.255
192.176.0.0/12 192.176.0.0 192.191.255.255
192.192.0.0/10 192.192.0.0 192.255.255.255
193.0.0.0/8 193.0.0.0 193.255.255.255
194.0.0.0/7 194.0.0.0 195.255.255.255
196.0.0.0/6 196.0.0.0 199.255.255.255
200.0.0.0/5 200.0.0.0 207.255.255.255
208.0.0.0/4 208.0.0.0 223.255.255.255
224.0.0.0/8 224.0.0.0 224.255.255.255
232.0.0.0/7 232.0.0.0 233.255.255.255
239.0.0.0/9 239.0.0.0 239.127.255.255
239.128.0.0/10 239.128.0.0 239.191.255.255
239.196.0.0/14 239.196.0.0 239.199.255.255
239.200.0.0/13 239.200.0.0 239.207.255.255
239.208.0.0/12 239.208.0.0 239.223.255.255
239.224.0.0/11 239.224.0.0 239.255.255.255
>>> ipv4_addr_space ^ available
IPSet(['10.0.0.0/8', '172.16.0.0/12', '192.0.2.0/24', '192.168.0.0/16', '225.0.0.0/8', '226.0.0.0/7', '228.0.0.0/6', '234.0.0.0/7', '236.0.0.0/7', '238.0.0.0/8', '239.192.0.0/14', '240.0.0.0/4'])
------------------------------
Combined IPv4 and IPv6 support
------------------------------
In keeping with netaddr's pragmatic approach, you are free to mix and match IPv4 and IPv6 within the same data structure.
>>> s1 = IPSet(['192.0.2.0', '::192.0.2.0', '192.0.2.2', '::192.0.2.2'])
>>> s2 = IPSet(['192.0.2.2', '::192.0.2.2', '192.0.2.4', '::192.0.2.4'])
>>> s1
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32', '192.0.2.2/32', '::192.0.2.0/128', '::192.0.2.2/128'])
>>> s2
IPSet(['192.0.2.2/32', '192.0.2.4/32', '::192.0.2.2/128', '::192.0.2.4/128'])
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
IPv4 and IPv6 set union
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
>>> s1 | s2
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32', '192.0.2.2/32', '192.0.2.4/32', '::192.0.2.0/128', '::192.0.2.2/128', '::192.0.2.4/128'])
>>> s2 | s1
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32', '192.0.2.2/32', '192.0.2.4/32', '::192.0.2.0/128', '::192.0.2.2/128', '::192.0.2.4/128'])
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
set intersection
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
>>> s1 & s2
IPSet(['192.0.2.2/32', '::192.0.2.2/128'])
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
set difference
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
>>> s1 - s2
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32', '::192.0.2.0/128'])
>>> s2 - s1
IPSet(['192.0.2.4/32', '::192.0.2.4/128'])
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
set symmetric difference
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
>>> s1 ^ s2
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32', '192.0.2.4/32', '::192.0.2.0/128', '::192.0.2.4/128'])
------------------
Disjointed IP sets
------------------
>>> s1 = IPSet(['192.0.2.0', '192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.2'])
>>> s2 = IPSet(['192.0.2.2', '192.0.2.3', '192.0.2.4'])
>>> s1 & s2
IPSet(['192.0.2.2/32'])
>>> s1.isdisjoint(s2)
False
>>> s1 = IPSet(['192.0.2.0', '192.0.2.1'])
>>> s2 = IPSet(['192.0.2.3', '192.0.2.4'])
>>> s1 & s2
IPSet([])
>>> s1.isdisjoint(s2)
True
------------------
Updating an IP set
------------------
As with a normal Python set you can also update one IP set with the contents of another.
>>> s1 = IPSet(['192.0.2.0/25'])
>>> s1
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/25'])
>>> s2 = IPSet(['192.0.2.128/25'])
>>> s2
IPSet(['192.0.2.128/25'])
>>> s1.update(s2)
>>> s1
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/24'])
>>> s1.update(['192.0.0.0/24', '192.0.1.0/24', '192.0.3.0/24'])
>>> s1
IPSet(['192.0.0.0/22'])
>>> s2 = IPSet(['10.0.0.0/16'])
>>> s2.update(IPRange('10.1.0.0', '10.1.255.255'))
>>> s2
IPSet(['10.0.0.0/15'])
>>> s2.clear()
>>> s2
IPSet([])
--------------------------------
Removing elements from an IP set
--------------------------------
Removing an IP address from an IPSet will split the CIDR subnets within it into their constituent parts.
Here we create a set representing the entire IPv4 address space.
>>> s1 = IPSet(['0.0.0.0/0'])
>>> s1
IPSet(['0.0.0.0/0'])
Then we strip off the last address.
>>> s1.remove('255.255.255.255')
Leaving us with:
>>> s1
IPSet(['0.0.0.0/1', '128.0.0.0/2', ..., '255.255.255.252/31', '255.255.255.254/32'])
>>> list(s1.iter_cidrs())
[IPNetwork('0.0.0.0/1'), IPNetwork('128.0.0.0/2'), ..., IPNetwork('255.255.255.252/31'), IPNetwork('255.255.255.254/32')]
>>> len(list(s1.iter_cidrs()))
32
Let's check the result using the `cidr_exclude` function.
>>> list(s1.iter_cidrs()) == cidr_exclude('0.0.0.0/0', '255.255.255.255')
True
Next, let's remove the first address from the original range.
>>> s1.remove('0.0.0.0')
This fractures the CIDR subnets further.
>>> s1
IPSet(['0.0.0.1/32', '0.0.0.2/31', ..., '255.255.255.252/31', '255.255.255.254/32'])
>>> len(list(s1.iter_cidrs()))
62
You can keep doing this but be aware that large IP sets can take up a lot of memory if they contain many thousands of entries.
----------------------------
Adding elements to an IP set
----------------------------
Let's fix up the fractured IP set from the previous section by re-adding the IP addresses we removed.
>>> s1.add('255.255.255.255')
>>> s1
IPSet(['0.0.0.1/32', '0.0.0.2/31', ..., '64.0.0.0/2', '128.0.0.0/1'])
Getting better.
>>> list(s1.iter_cidrs())
[IPNetwork('0.0.0.1/32'), IPNetwork('0.0.0.2/31'), ..., IPNetwork('64.0.0.0/2'), IPNetwork('128.0.0.0/1')]
>>> len(list(s1.iter_cidrs()))
32
Add back the other IP address.
>>> s1.add('0.0.0.0')
And we're back to our original address.
>>> s1
IPSet(['0.0.0.0/0'])
--------------------------------
Convert an IP set to an IP Range
--------------------------------
Sometimes you may want to convert an IPSet back to an IPRange.
>>> s1 = IPSet(['10.0.0.0/25', '10.0.0.128/25'])
>>> s1.iprange()
IPRange('10.0.0.0', '10.0.0.255')
This only works if the IPSet is contiguous
>>> s1.iscontiguous()
True
>>> s1.remove('10.0.0.16')
>>> s1
IPSet(['10.0.0.0/28', '10.0.0.17/32', '10.0.0.18/31', '10.0.0.20/30', '10.0.0.24/29', '10.0.0.32/27', '10.0.0.64/26', '10.0.0.128/25'])
>>> s1.iscontiguous()
False
>>> s1.iprange()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: IPSet is not contiguous
If it is not contiguous, you can still convert the IPSet, but you will get multiple IPRanges.
>>> list(s1.iter_ipranges())
[IPRange('10.0.0.0', '10.0.0.15'), IPRange('10.0.0.17', '10.0.0.255')]
>>> s2 = IPSet(['0.0.0.0/0'])
>>> s2.iscontiguous()
True
>>> s2.iprange()
IPRange('0.0.0.0', '255.255.255.255')
>>> s3 = IPSet()
>>> s3.iscontiguous()
True
>>> s3.iprange()
>>> s4 = IPSet(IPRange('10.0.0.0', '10.0.0.8'))
>>> s4.iscontiguous()
True
----------------------
Pickling IPSet objects
----------------------
As with all other netaddr classes, you can use ``pickle`` to persist IP sets for later use.
>>> import pickle
>>> ip_data = IPSet(['10.0.0.0/16', 'fe80::/64'])
>>> buf = pickle.dumps(ip_data)
>>> ip_data_unpickled = pickle.loads(buf)
>>> ip_data == ip_data_unpickled
True
----------------------
Compare IPSet objects
----------------------
>>> x = IPSet(['fc00::/2'])
>>> y = IPSet(['fc00::/3'])
>>> x > y
True
>>> x < y
False
>>> x != y
True

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Since "sets.txt" is used by Sphinx to build the documentation, those test cases for IPSet that should not become part of the documenation go here. The tests for Python3 are not imported by Sphinx, though.
>>> from netaddr import *
--------------------------------
Adding and removing set elements
--------------------------------
>>> s1 = IPSet(['10.0.0.0/25'])
This hits a special case in IPSet._compact_single_network()
>>> s1.add('10.0.0.0/24')
>>> s1
IPSet(['10.0.0.0/24'])
Various places must also accept integers.
>>> integer1 = int(IPAddress('10.0.0.1'))
>>> integer2 = int(IPAddress('fe80::'))
>>> integer3 = int(IPAddress('10.0.0.2'))
>>> s2 = IPSet([integer1, integer2])
>>> s2
IPSet(['10.0.0.1/32', 'fe80::/128'])
>>> s2.add(integer3)
>>> s2
IPSet(['10.0.0.1/32', '10.0.0.2/32', 'fe80::/128'])
>>> s2.remove(integer2)
>>> s2
IPSet(['10.0.0.1/32', '10.0.0.2/32'])
>>> s2.update([integer2])
>>> s2
IPSet(['10.0.0.1/32', '10.0.0.2/32', 'fe80::/128'])
------------------------------
Combined IPv4 and IPv6 support
------------------------------
In keeping with netaddr's pragmatic approach, you are free to mix and match IPv4 and IPv6 within the same data structure.
>>> s1 = IPSet(['192.0.2.0', '::192.0.2.0', '192.0.2.2', '::192.0.2.2'])
>>> s2 = IPSet(['192.0.2.2', '::192.0.2.2', '192.0.2.4', '::192.0.2.4'])
IPSets with IPNetworks that need to be merged or split (sometimes multiple times) during various set operations.
IPNetwork('10.0.0.64/30') is the same as IPRange('10.0.0.64', '10.0.0.67')
>>> s3 = IPSet(['0.0.0.1', '10.0.0.64/30', '255.255.255.1'])
>>> s4 = IPSet(['10.0.0.64', '10.0.0.66'])
>>> s4b = IPSet(['10.0.0.64', '10.0.0.66', '111.111.111.111'])
>>> s5 = IPSet(['10.0.0.65', '10.0.0.67'])
The documentation show various "s1 <operator> s2" examples. Tests below check that "s2 <operator> s1" also works. Additionally, operations on s3, s4... are performed.
IPSets must be usable in boolean context, even when they are very large.
>>> s6 = IPSet(['2405:8100::/32'])
>>> bool(s6)
True
>>> bool(IPSet())
False
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
set intersection
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
>>> s2 & s1
IPSet(['192.0.2.2/32', '::192.0.2.2/128'])
>>> s3 & s4
IPSet(['10.0.0.64/32', '10.0.0.66/32'])
>>> s4 & s3
IPSet(['10.0.0.64/32', '10.0.0.66/32'])
>>> s3 & s5
IPSet(['10.0.0.65/32', '10.0.0.67/32'])
>>> s5 & s3
IPSet(['10.0.0.65/32', '10.0.0.67/32'])
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
set difference
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
>>> s3 - s4
IPSet(['0.0.0.1/32', '10.0.0.65/32', '10.0.0.67/32', '255.255.255.1/32'])
>>> s4 - s3
IPSet([])
>>> s3 - s4b
IPSet(['0.0.0.1/32', '10.0.0.65/32', '10.0.0.67/32', '255.255.255.1/32'])
>>> s3 - s5
IPSet(['0.0.0.1/32', '10.0.0.64/32', '10.0.0.66/32', '255.255.255.1/32'])
>>> s5 - s3
IPSet([])
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
set symmetric difference
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
>>> s2 ^ s1
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32', '192.0.2.4/32', '::192.0.2.0/128', '::192.0.2.4/128'])
>>> IPSet([]) ^ IPSet([])
IPSet([])
>>> IPSet(['0.0.0.1/32']) ^ IPSet([])
IPSet(['0.0.0.1/32'])
>>> IPSet(['0.0.0.1/32']) ^ IPSet(['0.0.0.1/32'])
IPSet([])
>>> s3 ^ s4
IPSet(['0.0.0.1/32', '10.0.0.65/32', '10.0.0.67/32', '255.255.255.1/32'])
>>> s4 ^ s3
IPSet(['0.0.0.1/32', '10.0.0.65/32', '10.0.0.67/32', '255.255.255.1/32'])
>>> s3 ^ s4b
IPSet(['0.0.0.1/32', '10.0.0.65/32', '10.0.0.67/32', '111.111.111.111/32', '255.255.255.1/32'])
>>> s3 ^ s5
IPSet(['0.0.0.1/32', '10.0.0.64/32', '10.0.0.66/32', '255.255.255.1/32'])
>>> s5 ^ s3
IPSet(['0.0.0.1/32', '10.0.0.64/32', '10.0.0.66/32', '255.255.255.1/32'])
--------------------------------
Convert an IP set to an IP Range
--------------------------------
>>> list(IPSet().iter_ipranges())
[]
>>> list(IPSet([IPAddress('10.0.0.1')]).iter_ipranges())
[IPRange('10.0.0.1', '10.0.0.1')]
Adjacent, non-mergable CIDRs must be merged by iter_ipranges().
>>> list(IPSet([IPAddress('10.0.0.1'), IPAddress('10.0.0.2')]).iter_ipranges())
[IPRange('10.0.0.1', '10.0.0.2')]
IPv4 and IPv6 addresses must not be merged.
>>> list(IPSet([IPAddress(1, 4), IPAddress(1, 6)]).iter_ipranges())
[IPRange('0.0.0.1', '0.0.0.1'), IPRange('::1', '::1')]
len() fails when the IPSet is longer than sys.maxint, which is quite likely with IPv6.
>>> from netaddr.compat import _sys_maxint
>>> s = IPSet(IPRange(IPAddress("::0"), IPAddress(_sys_maxint, 6)))
>>> len(s)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
...
IndexError: range contains more than ...
>>> s = IPSet(IPRange(IPAddress("::0"), IPAddress(_sys_maxint - 1, 6)))
>>> len(s) == _sys_maxint
True
------------------
Various exceptions
------------------
>>> s1 = IPSet(['10.0.0.1'])
>>> hash(s1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
TypeError: IP sets are unhashable!
>>> s1.update(42)
Traceback (most recent call last):
TypeError: an iterable was expected!
In the following cases, the exceptions are caught and translated to booleans.
>>> s1 == 42
False
>>> s1 != 42
True

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=Socket Fallback Module Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr.fbsocket import *
}}}
IPv6 '::' compression algorithm tests.
{{{
>>> inet_ntop(AF_INET6, inet_pton(AF_INET6, '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0'))
'::'
>>> inet_ntop(AF_INET6, inet_pton(AF_INET6, '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:A'))
'::a'
>>> inet_ntop(AF_INET6, inet_pton(AF_INET6, 'A:0:0:0:0:0:0:0'))
'a::'
>>> inet_ntop(AF_INET6, inet_pton(AF_INET6, 'A:0:A:0:0:0:0:0'))
'a:0:a::'
>>> inet_ntop(AF_INET6, inet_pton(AF_INET6, 'A:0:0:0:0:0:0:A'))
'a::a'
>>> inet_ntop(AF_INET6, inet_pton(AF_INET6, '0:A:0:0:0:0:0:A'))
'0:a::a'
>>> inet_ntop(AF_INET6, inet_pton(AF_INET6, 'A:0:A:0:0:0:0:A'))
'a:0:a::a'
>>> inet_ntop(AF_INET6, inet_pton(AF_INET6, '0:0:0:A:0:0:0:A'))
'::a:0:0:0:a'
>>> inet_ntop(AF_INET6, inet_pton(AF_INET6, '0:0:0:0:A:0:0:A'))
'::a:0:0:a'
>>> inet_ntop(AF_INET6, inet_pton(AF_INET6, 'A:0:0:0:0:A:0:A'))
'a::a:0:a'
>>> inet_ntop(AF_INET6, inet_pton(AF_INET6, 'A:0:0:A:0:0:A:0'))
'a::a:0:0:a:0'
>>> inet_ntop(AF_INET6, inet_pton(AF_INET6, 'A:0:A:0:A:0:A:0'))
'a:0:a:0:a:0:a:0'
>>> inet_ntop(AF_INET6, inet_pton(AF_INET6, '0:A:0:A:0:A:0:A'))
'0:a:0:a:0:a:0:a'
>>> inet_ntop(AF_INET6, inet_pton(AF_INET6, '1080:0:0:0:8:800:200C:417A'))
'1080::8:800:200c:417a'
>>> inet_ntop(AF_INET6, inet_pton(AF_INET6, 'FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210'))
'fedc:ba98:7654:3210:fedc:ba98:7654:3210'
}}}
IPv4 failure tests
{{{
>>> inet_ntoa(1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: string type expected, not <type 'int'>
>>> inet_ntoa('\x00')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: invalid length of packed IP address string
}}}
IPv6 failure tests.
{{{
>>> inet_pton(AF_INET6, '::0x07f')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: illegal IP address string '::0x07f'
}}}

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=IP Subnet Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
}}}
Incrementing IP objects.
{{{
>>> ip = IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/28')
>>> for i in range(16):
... str(ip)
... ip += 1
'192.0.2.0/28'
'192.0.2.16/28'
'192.0.2.32/28'
'192.0.2.48/28'
'192.0.2.64/28'
'192.0.2.80/28'
'192.0.2.96/28'
'192.0.2.112/28'
'192.0.2.128/28'
'192.0.2.144/28'
'192.0.2.160/28'
'192.0.2.176/28'
'192.0.2.192/28'
'192.0.2.208/28'
'192.0.2.224/28'
'192.0.2.240/28'
>>> ip = IPNetwork('2001:470:1f04::/48')
>>> for i in ip.subnet(128):
... print i
... break
2001:470:1f04::/128
}}}
IP address and subnet sortability.
{{{
>>> ip_list = []
>>> for subnet in IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24').subnet(28, 3):
... ip_list.append(subnet)
... ip_list.extend([ip for ip in subnet])
>>> for addr in sorted(ip_list):
... print '%r' % addr
IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/28')
IPAddress('192.0.2.0')
IPAddress('192.0.2.1')
IPAddress('192.0.2.2')
IPAddress('192.0.2.3')
IPAddress('192.0.2.4')
IPAddress('192.0.2.5')
IPAddress('192.0.2.6')
IPAddress('192.0.2.7')
IPAddress('192.0.2.8')
IPAddress('192.0.2.9')
IPAddress('192.0.2.10')
IPAddress('192.0.2.11')
IPAddress('192.0.2.12')
IPAddress('192.0.2.13')
IPAddress('192.0.2.14')
IPAddress('192.0.2.15')
IPNetwork('192.0.2.16/28')
IPAddress('192.0.2.16')
IPAddress('192.0.2.17')
IPAddress('192.0.2.18')
IPAddress('192.0.2.19')
IPAddress('192.0.2.20')
IPAddress('192.0.2.21')
IPAddress('192.0.2.22')
IPAddress('192.0.2.23')
IPAddress('192.0.2.24')
IPAddress('192.0.2.25')
IPAddress('192.0.2.26')
IPAddress('192.0.2.27')
IPAddress('192.0.2.28')
IPAddress('192.0.2.29')
IPAddress('192.0.2.30')
IPAddress('192.0.2.31')
IPNetwork('192.0.2.32/28')
IPAddress('192.0.2.32')
IPAddress('192.0.2.33')
IPAddress('192.0.2.34')
IPAddress('192.0.2.35')
IPAddress('192.0.2.36')
IPAddress('192.0.2.37')
IPAddress('192.0.2.38')
IPAddress('192.0.2.39')
IPAddress('192.0.2.40')
IPAddress('192.0.2.41')
IPAddress('192.0.2.42')
IPAddress('192.0.2.43')
IPAddress('192.0.2.44')
IPAddress('192.0.2.45')
IPAddress('192.0.2.46')
IPAddress('192.0.2.47')
}}}

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First of all you need to pull the various netaddr classes and functions into your namespace.
.. note:: Do this for the purpose of this tutorial only. In your own code, you should be explicit about the classes, functions and constants you import to avoid name clashes.
>>> from netaddr import *
We also import the standard library module `pprint` to help format our output.
>>> import pprint
----------------
Basic operations
----------------
The following `IPAddress` object represents a single IP address.
>>> ip = IPAddress('192.0.2.1')
>>> ip.version
4
The `repr()` call returns a Python statement that can be used to reconstruct an equivalent IP address object state from scratch when run in the Python interpreter.
>>> repr(ip)
"IPAddress('192.0.2.1')"
>>> ip
IPAddress('192.0.2.1')
Access in the string context returns the IP object as a string value.
>>> str(ip)
'192.0.2.1'
>>> '%s' % ip
'192.0.2.1'
>>> ip.format() # only really useful for IPv6 addresses.
'192.0.2.1'
------------------------
Numerical representation
------------------------
You can view an IP address in various other formats.
>>> int(ip) == 3221225985
True
>>> hex(ip)
'0xc0000201'
>>> ip.bin
'0b11000000000000000000001000000001'
>>> ip.bits()
'11000000.00000000.00000010.00000001'
>>> ip.words == (192, 0, 2, 1)
True
---------------------------------
Representing networks and subnets
---------------------------------
`IPNetwork` objects are used to represent subnets, networks or VLANs that accept CIDR prefixes and netmasks.
>>> ip = IPNetwork('192.0.2.1')
>>> ip.ip
IPAddress('192.0.2.1')
>>> ip.network, ip.broadcast
(IPAddress('192.0.2.1'), IPAddress('192.0.2.1'))
>>> ip.netmask, ip.hostmask
(IPAddress('255.255.255.255'), IPAddress('0.0.0.0'))
>>> ip.size
1
In this case, the network and broadcast address are the same, akin to a host route.
>>> ip = IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
>>> ip.ip
IPAddress('192.0.2.0')
>>> ip.network, ip.broadcast
(IPAddress('192.0.2.0'), IPAddress('192.0.2.255'))
>>> ip.netmask, ip.hostmask
(IPAddress('255.255.255.0'), IPAddress('0.0.0.255'))
>>> ip.size
256
And finally, this IPNetwork object represents an IP address that belongs to a given IP subnet.
>>> ip = IPNetwork('192.0.3.112/22')
>>> ip.ip
IPAddress('192.0.3.112')
>>> ip.network, ip.broadcast
(IPAddress('192.0.0.0'), IPAddress('192.0.3.255'))
>>> ip.netmask, ip.hostmask
(IPAddress('255.255.252.0'), IPAddress('0.0.3.255'))
>>> ip.size
1024
Internally, each IPNetwork object only stores 3 values :-
* the IP address value as an unsigned integer
* a reference to the IP protocol module for the IP version being represented
* the CIDR prefix bitmask
All the other values are calculated on-the-fly on access.
It is possible to adjust the IP address value and the CIDR prefix after object instantiation.
>>> ip = IPNetwork('0.0.0.0/0')
>>> ip
IPNetwork('0.0.0.0/0')
>>> ip.value = 3221225985
>>> ip
IPNetwork('192.0.2.1/0')
>>> ip.prefixlen
0
>>> ip.prefixlen = 23
>>> ip
IPNetwork('192.0.2.1/23')
There is also a property that lets you access the *true* CIDR address which removes all host bits from the network address based on the CIDR subnet prefix.
>>> ip.cidr
IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/23')
This is handy for specifying some networking configurations correctly.
If you want to access information about each of the various IP addresses that form the IP subnet, this is available by performing pass through calls to sub methods of each `IPAddress` object.
For example if you want to see a binary digit representation of each address you can do the following.
>>> ip.ip.bits()
'11000000.00000000.00000010.00000001'
>>> ip.network.bits()
'11000000.00000000.00000010.00000000'
>>> ip.netmask.bits()
'11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000'
>>> ip.broadcast.bits()
'11000000.00000000.00000011.11111111'
------------
IPv6 support
------------
Full support for IPv6 is provided. Let's try a few examples:
>>> ip = IPAddress(0, 6)
>>> ip
IPAddress('::')
>>> ip = IPNetwork('fe80::dead:beef/64')
>>> str(ip), ip.prefixlen, ip.version
('fe80::dead:beef/64', 64, 6)
>>> int(ip.ip) == 338288524927261089654018896845083623151
True
>>> hex(ip.ip)
'0xfe8000000000000000000000deadbeef'
Bit-style output isn't as quite as friendly as hexadecimal for such a long numbers, but here the proof that it works!
>>> ip.ip.bits()
'1111111010000000:0000000000000000:0000000000000000:0000000000000000:0000000000000000:0000000000000000:1101111010101101:1011111011101111'
Here are some networking details for an IPv6 subnet.
>>> ip.network, ip.broadcast, ip.netmask, ip.hostmask
(IPAddress('fe80::'), IPAddress('fe80::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff'), IPAddress('ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::'), IPAddress('::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff'))
--------------------------------------
Interoperability between IPv4 and IPv6
--------------------------------------
It is likely that with IPv6 becoming more prevalent, you'll want to be able to interoperate between IPv4 and IPv6 address seemlessly.
Here are a couple of methods that help achieve this.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
IPv4 to IPv6 conversion
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
>>> IPAddress('192.0.2.15').ipv4()
IPAddress('192.0.2.15')
>>> ip = IPAddress('192.0.2.15').ipv6()
>>> ip
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.15')
>>> ip.is_ipv4_mapped()
True
>>> ip.is_ipv4_compat()
False
>>> IPAddress('192.0.2.15').ipv6(ipv4_compatible=True)
IPAddress('::192.0.2.15')
>>> IPAddress('192.0.2.15').ipv6(ipv4_compatible=True).is_ipv4_compat()
True
>>> IPAddress('192.0.2.15').ipv6(True)
IPAddress('::192.0.2.15')
>>> ip = IPNetwork('192.0.2.1/23')
>>> ip.ipv4()
IPNetwork('192.0.2.1/23')
>>> ip.ipv6()
IPNetwork('::ffff:192.0.2.1/119')
>>> ip.ipv6(ipv4_compatible=True)
IPNetwork('::192.0.2.1/119')
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
IPv6 to IPv4 conversion
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
>>> IPNetwork('::ffff:192.0.2.1/119').ipv6()
IPNetwork('::ffff:192.0.2.1/119')
>>> IPNetwork('::ffff:192.0.2.1/119').ipv6(ipv4_compatible=True)
IPNetwork('::192.0.2.1/119')
>>> IPNetwork('::ffff:192.0.2.1/119').ipv4()
IPNetwork('192.0.2.1/23')
>>> IPNetwork('::192.0.2.1/119').ipv4()
IPNetwork('192.0.2.1/23')
Note that the IP object returns IPv4 "mapped" addresses by default in preference to IPv4 "compatible" ones. This has been chosen purposefully as the latter form has been deprecated (see RFC 4291 for details).
---------------
List operations
---------------
If you treat an `IPNetwork` object as if it were a standard Python list object it will give you access to a list of individual IP address objects. This of course is illusory and they are not created until you access them.
>>> ip = IPNetwork('192.0.2.16/29')
Accessing an IP object using the `list()` context invokes the default generator which returns a list of all IP objects in the range specified by the IP object's subnet.
>>> ip_list = list(ip)
>>> len(ip_list)
8
>>> ip_list
[IPAddress('192.0.2.16'), IPAddress('192.0.2.17'), ..., IPAddress('192.0.2.22'), IPAddress('192.0.2.23')]
The length of that list is 8 individual IP addresses.
>>> len(ip)
8
^^^^^^^^
Indexing
^^^^^^^^
You can use standard index access to IP addresses in the subnet.
>>> ip[0]
IPAddress('192.0.2.16')
>>> ip[1]
IPAddress('192.0.2.17')
>>> ip[-1]
IPAddress('192.0.2.23')
^^^^^^^
Slicing
^^^^^^^
You can also use list slices on IP addresses in the subnet.
>>> ip[0:4]
<generator object ...>
The slice is a generator function. This was done to save time and system resources as some slices can end up being very large for certain subnets!
Here is how you'd access all elements in a slice.
>>> list(ip[0:4])
[IPAddress('192.0.2.16'), IPAddress('192.0.2.17'), IPAddress('192.0.2.18'), IPAddress('192.0.2.19')]
Extended slicing is also supported.
>>> list(ip[0::2])
[IPAddress('192.0.2.16'), IPAddress('192.0.2.18'), IPAddress('192.0.2.20'), IPAddress('192.0.2.22')]
List reversal.
>>> list(ip[-1::-1])
[IPAddress('192.0.2.23'), IPAddress('192.0.2.22'), ..., IPAddress('192.0.2.17'), IPAddress('192.0.2.16')]
Use of generators ensures working with large IP subnets is efficient.
>>> for ip in IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/23'):
... print '%s' % ip
...
192.0.2.0
192.0.2.1
192.0.2.2
192.0.2.3
...
192.0.3.252
192.0.3.253
192.0.3.254
192.0.3.255
In IPv4 networks you only usually assign the addresses between the network and broadcast addresses to actual host interfaces on systems.
Here is the iterator provided for accessing these IP addresses :-
>>> for ip in IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/23').iter_hosts():
... print '%s' % ip
...
192.0.2.1
192.0.2.2
192.0.2.3
192.0.2.4
...
192.0.3.251
192.0.3.252
192.0.3.253
192.0.3.254
---------------------------------
Sorting IP addresses and networks
---------------------------------
It is fairly common and useful to be able to sort IP addresses and networks canonically.
Here is how sorting works with individual addresses.
>>> import random
>>> ip_list = list(IPNetwork('192.0.2.128/28'))
>>> random.shuffle(ip_list)
>>> sorted(ip_list)
[IPAddress('192.0.2.128'), IPAddress('192.0.2.129'), ..., IPAddress('192.0.2.142'), IPAddress('192.0.2.143')]
For convenience, you are able to sort IP subnets at the same time as addresses and they can be combinations of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses at the same time as well (IPv4 addresses and network appear before IPv6 ones).
>>> ip_list = [
... IPAddress('192.0.2.130'),
... IPAddress('10.0.0.1'),
... IPNetwork('192.0.2.128/28'),
... IPNetwork('192.0.3.0/24'),
... IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24'),
... IPNetwork('fe80::/64'),
... IPAddress('::'),
... IPNetwork('172.24/12')]
>>> random.shuffle(ip_list)
>>> ip_list.sort()
>>> pprint.pprint(ip_list)
[IPAddress('10.0.0.1'),
IPNetwork('172.24.0.0/12'),
IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24'),
IPNetwork('192.0.2.128/28'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.130'),
IPNetwork('192.0.3.0/24'),
IPAddress('::'),
IPNetwork('fe80::/64')]
Notice how overlapping subnets also sort in order from largest to smallest.
-----------------------------------------
Summarizing list of addresses and subnets
-----------------------------------------
Another useful operation is the ability to summarize groups of IP subnets and addresses, merging them together where possible to create the smallest possible list of CIDR subnets.
You do this in netaddr using the `cidr_merge()` function.
First we create a list of IP objects that contains a good mix of individual addresses and subnets, along with some string based IP address values for good measure. To make things more interesting some IPv6 addresses are thrown in as well.
>>> ip_list = [ip for ip in IPNetwork('fe80::/120')]
>>> ip_list.append(IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24'))
>>> ip_list.extend([str(ip) for ip in IPNetwork('192.0.3.0/24')])
>>> ip_list.append(IPNetwork('192.0.4.0/25'))
>>> ip_list.append(IPNetwork('192.0.4.128/25'))
>>> len(ip_list)
515
>>> cidr_merge(ip_list)
[IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/23'), IPNetwork('192.0.4.0/24'), IPNetwork('fe80::/120')]
Useful isn't it?
---------------------
Supernets and subnets
---------------------
It is quite common to have a large CIDR subnet that you may want to split up into multiple smaller component blocks to better manage your network allocations, firewall rules etcc and netaddr gives you the tools required to do this.
Here we take a large /16 private class B network block and split it up into a set of smaller 512 sized blocks.
>>> ip = IPNetwork('172.24.0.0/16')
>>> ip.subnet(23)
<generator object ...>
Once again, this method produces and iterator because of the possibility for a large number of return values depending on this subnet size specified.
>>> subnets = list(ip.subnet(23))
>>> len(subnets)
128
>>> subnets
[IPNetwork('172.24.0.0/23'), IPNetwork('172.24.2.0/23'), IPNetwork('172.24.4.0/23'), ..., IPNetwork('172.24.250.0/23'), IPNetwork('172.24.252.0/23'), IPNetwork('172.24.254.0/23')]
It is also possible to retrieve the list of supernets that a given IP address or subnet belongs to. You can also specify an optional limit.
>>> ip = IPNetwork('192.0.2.114')
>>> supernets = ip.supernet(22)
>>> pprint.pprint(supernets)
[IPNetwork('192.0.0.0/22'),
IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/23'),
IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24'),
IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/25'),
IPNetwork('192.0.2.64/26'),
IPNetwork('192.0.2.96/27'),
IPNetwork('192.0.2.112/28'),
IPNetwork('192.0.2.112/29'),
IPNetwork('192.0.2.112/30'),
IPNetwork('192.0.2.114/31')]
Here, we return a list rather than a generator because the potential list of values is of a predictable size (no more than 31 subnets for an IPv4 address and 127 for IPv6).
---------------------------------------
Support for non-standard address ranges
---------------------------------------
While CIDR is a useful way to describe networks succinctly, it is often necessary (particularly with IPv4 which predates the CIDR specification) to be able to generate lists of IP addresses that have an arbitrary start and end address that do not fall on strict bit mask boundaries.
The `iter_iprange()` function allow you to do just this.
>>> ip_list = list(iter_iprange('192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.14'))
>>> len(ip_list)
14
>>> ip_list
[IPAddress('192.0.2.1'), IPAddress('192.0.2.2'), ..., IPAddress('192.0.2.13'), IPAddress('192.0.2.14')]
It is equally nice to know what the actual list of CIDR subnets is that would correctly cover this non-aligned range of addresses.
Here `cidr_merge()` comes to the rescue once more.
>>> cidr_merge(ip_list)
[IPNetwork('192.0.2.1/32'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.2/31'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.4/30'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.8/30'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.12/31'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.14/32')]
--------------------------------------------
Dealing with older IP network specifications
--------------------------------------------
Until the advent of the CIDR specification it was common to infer the netmask of an IPv4 address based on its first octet using an set of classful rules (first defined in RFC 791).
You frequently come across reference to them in various RFCs and they are well supported by a number of software libraries. For completeness, rather than leave out this important (but now somewhat historical) set of rules, they are supported via the cryptically named `cidr_abbrev_to_verbose()` function.
Here is an example of these rules for the whole of the IPv4 address space.
>>> cidrs = [cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(octet) for octet in range(0, 256)]
>>> pprint.pprint(cidrs)
['0.0.0.0/8',
...
'127.0.0.0/8',
'128.0.0.0/16',
...
'191.0.0.0/16',
'192.0.0.0/24',
...
'223.0.0.0/24',
'224.0.0.0/4',
...
'239.0.0.0/4',
'240.0.0.0/32',
...
'255.0.0.0/32']
>>> len(cidrs)
256
-------------------------
IP address categorisation
-------------------------
IP addresses fall into several categories, not all of which are suitable for assignment as host addresses.
^^^^^^^
Unicast
^^^^^^^
>>> IPAddress('192.0.2.1').is_unicast()
True
>>> IPAddress('fe80::1').is_unicast()
True
^^^^^^^^^
Multicast
^^^^^^^^^
Used to indentify multicast groups (see RFC 2365 and 3171 for more info).
>>> IPAddress('239.192.0.1').is_multicast()
True
>>> IPAddress('ff00::1').is_multicast()
True
^^^^^^^
Private
^^^^^^^
Found on intranets and used behind NAT routers.
>>> IPAddress('172.24.0.1').is_private()
True
>>> IPAddress('10.0.0.1').is_private()
True
>>> IPAddress('192.168.0.1').is_private()
True
>>> IPAddress('fc00::1').is_private()
True
^^^^^^^^
Reserved
^^^^^^^^
Addresses in reserved ranges are not available for general use.
>>> IPAddress('253.0.0.1').is_reserved()
True
^^^^^^
Public
^^^^^^
Addresses accessible via the Internet.
.. note:: circa the end of 2011 all IPv4 addresses had been allocated to the Regional Internet Registrars. A booming after market in IPv4 addresses has started. There is still plenty of life left in this protocol version yet :)
>>> ip = IPAddress('62.125.24.5')
>>> ip.is_unicast() and not ip.is_private()
True
^^^^^^^^
Netmasks
^^^^^^^^
A bitmask used to divide an IP address into its network address and host address.
>>> IPAddress('255.255.254.0').is_netmask()
True
^^^^^^^^^
Hostmasks
^^^^^^^^^
Similar to a netmask but with the all the bits flipped the opposite way.
>>> IPAddress('0.0.1.255').is_hostmask()
True
^^^^^^^^
Loopback
^^^^^^^^
These addresses are used internally within an IP network stack and packets sent to these addresses are not distributed via a physical network connection.
>>> IPAddress('127.0.0.1').is_loopback()
True
>>> IPAddress('::1').is_loopback()
True
----------------------
Comparing IP addresses
----------------------
`IPAddress` objects can be compared with each other. As an `IPAddress` object can represent both an individual IP address and an implicit network, it pays to get both sides of your comparison into the same terms before you compare them to avoid odd results.
Here are some comparisons of individual IP address to get the ball rolling.
>>> IPAddress('192.0.2.1') == IPAddress('192.0.2.1')
True
>>> IPAddress('192.0.2.1') < IPAddress('192.0.2.2')
True
>>> IPAddress('192.0.2.2') > IPAddress('192.0.2.1')
True
>>> IPAddress('192.0.2.1') != IPAddress('192.0.2.1')
False
>>> IPAddress('192.0.2.1') >= IPAddress('192.0.2.1')
True
>>> IPAddress('192.0.2.2') >= IPAddress('192.0.2.1')
True
>>> IPAddress('192.0.2.1') <= IPAddress('192.0.2.1')
True
>>> IPAddress('192.0.2.1') <= IPAddress('192.0.2.2')
True
Now, lets try something a little more interesting.
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24') == IPNetwork('192.0.2.112/24')
True
Hmmmmmmmm... looks a bit odd doesn't it? That's because by default, IP objects compare their subnets (or lower and upper boundaries) rather than their individual IP address values.
The solution to this situation is very simple. Knowing this default behaviour, just be explicit about exactly which portion of each IP object you'd like to compare using pass-through properties.
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24').ip == IPNetwork('192.0.2.112/24').ip
False
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24').ip < IPNetwork('192.0.2.112/24').ip
True
That's more like it. You can also be explicit about comparing networks in this way if you so wish (although it is not strictly necessary).
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24').cidr == IPNetwork('192.0.2.112/24').cidr
True
Armed with this information here are some examples of network comparisons.
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24') == IPNetwork('192.0.3.0/24')
False
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24') < IPNetwork('192.0.3.0/24')
True
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24') < IPNetwork('192.0.3.0/24')
True
This will inevitably raise questions about comparing IPAddress (scalar) objects and IPNetwork (vector) objects with each other (or at least it should).
Here is how netaddr chooses to address this situation.
>>> IPAddress('192.0.2.0') == IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/32')
False
>>> IPAddress('192.0.2.0') != IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/32')
True
An IP network or subnet is different from an individual IP address and therefore cannot be (directly) compared.
If you want to compare them successfully, you must be explicit about which aspect of the IP network you wish to match against the IP address in question.
You can use the index of the first or last address if it is a /32 like so :-
>>> IPAddress('192.0.2.0') == IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/32')[0]
True
>>> IPAddress('192.0.2.0') == IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/32')[-1]
True
>>> IPAddress('192.0.2.0') != IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/32')[0]
False
You can also use the base address if this is what you wish to compare :-
>>> IPAddress('192.0.2.0') == IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/32').ip
True
>>> IPAddress('192.0.2.0') != IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/32').ip
False
While this may seem a bit pointless at first, netaddr strives to keep IP addresses and network separate from one another while still allowing reasonable interoperability.
-----------
DNS support
-----------
It is a common administrative task to generate reverse IP lookups for DNS. This is particularly arduous for IPv6 addresses.
Here is how you do this using an IPAddress object's `reverse_dns()` method.
>>> IPAddress('172.24.0.13').reverse_dns
'13.0.24.172.in-addr.arpa.'
>>> IPAddress('fe80::feeb:daed').reverse_dns
'd.e.a.d.b.e.e.f.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.e.f.ip6.arpa.'
Note that ``ip6.int`` is not used as this has been deprecated (see RFC 3152 for details).
---------------------------
Non standard address ranges
---------------------------
As CIDR is a relative newcomer given the long history of IP version 4 you are quite likely to come across systems and documentation which make reference to IP address ranges in formats other than CIDR. Converting from these arbitrary range types to CIDR and back again isn't a particularly fun task. Fortunately, netaddr tries to make this job easy for you with two purpose built classes.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Arbitrary IP address ranges
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
You can represent an arbitrary IP address range using a lower and upper bound address in the form of an IPRange object.
>>> r1 = IPRange('192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.15')
>>> r1
IPRange('192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.15')
You can iterate across and index these ranges just like and IPNetwork object.
Importantly, you can also convert it to it's CIDR equivalent.
>>> r1.cidrs()
[IPNetwork('192.0.2.1/32'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.2/31'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.4/30'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.8/29')]
Here is how individual IPRange and IPNetwork compare.
>>> IPRange('192.0.2.0', '192.0.2.255') != IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
False
>>> IPRange('192.0.2.0', '192.0.2.255') == IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
True
You may wish to compare an IP range against a list of IPAddress and IPNetwork
objects.
>>> r1 = IPRange('192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.15')
>>> addrs = list(r1)
>>> addrs
[IPAddress('192.0.2.1'), IPAddress('192.0.2.2'), IPAddress('192.0.2.3'), IPAddress('192.0.2.4'), IPAddress('192.0.2.5'), IPAddress('192.0.2.6'), IPAddress('192.0.2.7'), IPAddress('192.0.2.8'), IPAddress('192.0.2.9'), IPAddress('192.0.2.10'), IPAddress('192.0.2.11'), IPAddress('192.0.2.12'), IPAddress('192.0.2.13'), IPAddress('192.0.2.14'), IPAddress('192.0.2.15')]
>>> r1 == addrs
False
Oops! Not quite what we were looking for or expecting.
The way to do this is to get either side of the comparison operation into the same terms.
>>> list(r1) == addrs
True
That's more like it.
The same goes for IPNetwork objects.
>>> subnets = r1.cidrs()
>>> subnets
[IPNetwork('192.0.2.1/32'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.2/31'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.4/30'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.8/29')]
>>> r1 == subnets
False
>>> r1.cidrs() == subnets
True
The above works if the list you are comparing contains one type or the other, but what if you have a mixed list of `IPAddress`, `IPNetwork` and string addresses?
Time for some slightly more powerful operations. Let's make use of a new class for dealing with groups of IP addresses and subnets. The IPSet class.
>>> ips = [IPAddress('192.0.2.1'), '192.0.2.2/31', IPNetwork('192.0.2.4/31'), IPAddress('192.0.2.6'), IPAddress('192.0.2.7'), '192.0.2.8', '192.0.2.9', IPAddress('192.0.2.10'), IPAddress('192.0.2.11'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.12/30')]
>>> s1 = IPSet(r1.cidrs())
>>> s2 = IPSet(ips)
>>> s2
IPSet(['192.0.2.1/32', '192.0.2.2/31', '192.0.2.4/30', '192.0.2.8/29'])
>>> s1 == s2
True
Let's remove one of the element from one of the IPSet objects and see what happens.
>>> s2.pop()
IPNetwork('192.0.2.4/30')
>>> s1 == s2
False
This is perhaps a somewhat contrived example but it just shows you some of the capabilities on offer.
See the IPSet tutorial :doc:`tutorial_03` for more details on that class.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
IP Glob ranges
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
netaddr also supports a user friendly form of specifying IP address ranges using a "glob" style syntax.
.. note:: At present only IPv4 globs are supported.
>>> IPGlob('192.0.2.*') == IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
True
IPGlob('192.0.2.*') != IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
False
As `IPGlob` is a subclass of `IPRange`, all of the same operations apply.

96
netaddr/tests/2.x/strategy/eui48.txt Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
=IEEE EUI-48 Strategy Module=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr.strategy.eui48 import *
}}}
==Basic Smoke Tests==
{{{
>>> b = '00000000-00001111-00011111-00010010-11100111-00110011'
>>> i = 64945841971
>>> t = (0x0, 0x0f, 0x1f, 0x12, 0xe7, 0x33)
>>> s = '00-0F-1F-12-E7-33'
>>> p = '\x00\x0f\x1f\x12\xe73'
>>> bits_to_int(b) == 64945841971
True
>>> int_to_bits(i) == b
True
>>> int_to_str(i)
'00-0F-1F-12-E7-33'
>>> int_to_words(i)
(0, 15, 31, 18, 231, 51)
>>> int_to_packed(i)
'\x00\x0f\x1f\x12\xe73'
>>> str_to_int(s) == 64945841971
True
>>> words_to_int(t) == 64945841971
True
>>> words_to_int(list(t)) == 64945841971
True
>>> packed_to_int(p) == 64945841971
True
}}}
==Smoke Tests With Alternate Dialects==
{{{
>>> b = '00000000:00001111:00011111:00010010:11100111:00110011'
>>> i = 64945841971
>>> t = (0x0, 0x0f, 0x1f, 0x12, 0xe7, 0x33)
>>> s = '0:f:1f:12:e7:33'
>>> p = '\x00\x0f\x1f\x12\xe73'
>>> bits_to_int(b, mac_unix) == 64945841971
True
>>> int_to_bits(i, mac_unix) == b
True
>>> int_to_str(i, mac_unix)
'0:f:1f:12:e7:33'
>>> int_to_str(i, mac_cisco)
'000f.1f12.e733'
>>> int_to_str(i, mac_unix)
'0:f:1f:12:e7:33'
>>> int_to_str(i, mac_unix_expanded)
'00:0f:1f:12:e7:33'
>>> int_to_words(i, mac_unix)
(0, 15, 31, 18, 231, 51)
>>> int_to_packed(i)
'\x00\x0f\x1f\x12\xe73'
>>> str_to_int(s) == 64945841971
True
>>> words_to_int(t, mac_unix) == 64945841971
True
>>> words_to_int(list(t), mac_unix) == 64945841971
True
>>> packed_to_int(p) == 64945841971
True
}}}

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=IP version 4 Strategy Module=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
Uses TEST-NET references throughout, as described in RFC 3330.
{{{
>>> from netaddr.strategy.ipv4 import *
}}}
==Basic Smoke Tests==
{{{
>>> b = '11000000.00000000.00000010.00000001'
>>> i = 3221225985
>>> t = (192, 0, 2, 1)
>>> s = '192.0.2.1'
>>> p = '\xc0\x00\x02\x01'
>>> bin_val = '0b11000000000000000000001000000001'
>>> bits_to_int(b) == 3221225985
True
>>> int_to_bits(i)
'11000000.00000000.00000010.00000001'
>>> int_to_str(i)
'192.0.2.1'
>>> int_to_words(i) == (192, 0, 2, 1)
True
>>> int_to_packed(i)
'\xc0\x00\x02\x01'
>>> int_to_bin(i)
'0b11000000000000000000001000000001'
>>> int_to_bin(i)
'0b11000000000000000000001000000001'
>>> bin_to_int(bin_val) == 3221225985
True
>>> words_to_int(t) == 3221225985
True
>>> words_to_int(list(t)) == 3221225985
True
>>> packed_to_int(p) == 3221225985
True
>>> valid_bin(bin_val)
True
}}}
== inet_aton() Behavioural Tests ==
inet_aton() is a very old system call and is very permissive with regard to what is assume is a valid IPv4 address. Unfortunately, it is also the most widely used by system software used in software today, so netaddr supports this behaviour by default.
{{{
>>> str_to_int('127') == 127
True
>>> str_to_int('0x7f') == 127
True
>>> str_to_int('0177') == 127
True
>>> str_to_int('127.1') == 2130706433
True
>>> str_to_int('0x7f.1') == 2130706433
True
>>> str_to_int('0177.1') == 2130706433
True
>>> str_to_int('127.0.0.1') == 2130706433
True
}}}
== inet_pton() Behavioural Tests ==
inet_pton() is a newer system call that supports both IPv4 and IPv6. It is a lot more strict about what it deems to be a valid IPv4 address and doesn't support many of the features found in inet_aton() such as support for non- decimal octets, partial numbers of octets, etc.
{{{
>>> str_to_int('127', flags=INET_PTON)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AddrFormatError: '127' is not a valid IPv4 address string!
>>> str_to_int('0x7f', flags=INET_PTON)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AddrFormatError: '0x7f' is not a valid IPv4 address string!
>>> str_to_int('0177', flags=INET_PTON)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AddrFormatError: '0177' is not a valid IPv4 address string!
>>> str_to_int('127.1', flags=INET_PTON)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AddrFormatError: '127.1' is not a valid IPv4 address string!
>>> str_to_int('0x7f.1', flags=INET_PTON)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AddrFormatError: '0x7f.1' is not a valid IPv4 address string!
>>> str_to_int('0177.1', flags=INET_PTON)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AddrFormatError: '0177.1' is not a valid IPv4 address string!
>>> str_to_int('127.0.0.1', flags=INET_PTON) == 2130706433
True
}}}

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=IP version 6 Strategy Module=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr.strategy.ipv6 import *
}}}
==Basic Smoke Tests==
{{{
>>> b = '0000000000000000:0000000000000000:0000000000000000:0000000000000000:0000000000000000:0000000000000000:1111111111111111:1111111111111110'
>>> i = 4294967294
>>> t = (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0xffff, 0xfffe)
>>> s = '::255.255.255.254'
>>> p = '\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xff\xff\xff\xfe'
>>> bits_to_int(b) == 4294967294
True
>>> int_to_bits(i) == b
True
>>> int_to_str(i)
'::255.255.255.254'
>>> int_to_words(i)
(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 65535, 65534)
>>> int_to_packed(i)
'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xff\xff\xff\xfe'
>>> str_to_int(s) == 4294967294
True
>>> words_to_int(t) == 4294967294
True
>>> words_to_int(list(t)) == 4294967294
True
>>> packed_to_int(p) == 4294967294
True
}}}
==More Specific IPv6 Tests==
IPv6 string address variants that are all equivalent.
{{{
>>> i = 42540766411282592856903984951992014763
>>> str_to_int('2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:1428:57ab') == i
True
>>> str_to_int('2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000::1428:57ab') == i
True
>>> str_to_int('2001:0db8:0:0:0:0:1428:57ab') == i
True
>>> str_to_int('2001:0db8:0:0::1428:57ab') == i
True
>>> str_to_int('2001:0db8::1428:57ab') == i
True
>>> str_to_int('2001:0DB8:0000:0000:0000:0000:1428:57AB') == i
True
>>> str_to_int('2001:DB8::1428:57AB') == i
True
}}}
Intensive IPv6 string address validation testing.
Positive tests.
{{{
>>> valid_addrs = (
... # RFC 4291
... # Long forms.
... 'FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210',
... '1080:0:0:0:8:800:200C:417A', # a unicast address
... 'FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:43', # a multicast address
... '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1', # the loopback address
... '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0', # the unspecified addresses
...
... # Short forms.
... '1080::8:800:200C:417A', # a unicast address
... 'FF01::43', # a multicast address
... '::1', # the loopback address
... '::', # the unspecified addresses
...
... # IPv4 compatible forms.
... '::192.0.2.1',
... '::ffff:192.0.2.1',
... '0:0:0:0:0:0:192.0.2.1',
... '0:0:0:0:0:FFFF:192.0.2.1',
... '0:0:0:0:0:0:13.1.68.3',
... '0:0:0:0:0:FFFF:129.144.52.38',
... '::13.1.68.3',
... '::FFFF:129.144.52.38',
...
... # Other tests.
... '1::',
... '::ffff',
... 'ffff::',
... 'ffff::ffff',
... '0:1:2:3:4:5:6:7',
... '8:9:a:b:c:d:e:f',
... '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0',
... 'ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff',
... )
>>> for addr in valid_addrs:
... addr, valid_str(addr)
('FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210', True)
('1080:0:0:0:8:800:200C:417A', True)
('FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:43', True)
('0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1', True)
('0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0', True)
('1080::8:800:200C:417A', True)
('FF01::43', True)
('::1', True)
('::', True)
('::192.0.2.1', True)
('::ffff:192.0.2.1', True)
('0:0:0:0:0:0:192.0.2.1', True)
('0:0:0:0:0:FFFF:192.0.2.1', True)
('0:0:0:0:0:0:13.1.68.3', True)
('0:0:0:0:0:FFFF:129.144.52.38', True)
('::13.1.68.3', True)
('::FFFF:129.144.52.38', True)
('1::', True)
('::ffff', True)
('ffff::', True)
('ffff::ffff', True)
('0:1:2:3:4:5:6:7', True)
('8:9:a:b:c:d:e:f', True)
('0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0', True)
('ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff', True)
}}}
Negative tests.
{{{
>>> invalid_addrs = (
... 'g:h:i:j:k:l:m:n', # bad chars.
... '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0' # too long,
... '', # empty string
... # Unexpected types.
... [],
... (),
... {},
... True,
... False,
... )
>>> for addr in invalid_addrs:
... addr, valid_str(addr)
('g:h:i:j:k:l:m:n', False)
('0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0', False)
([], False)
((), False)
({}, False)
(True, False)
(False, False)
}}}
String compaction tests.
{{{
>>> valid_addrs = {
... # RFC 4291
... 'FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210' : 'fedc:ba98:7654:3210:fedc:ba98:7654:3210',
... '1080:0:0:0:8:800:200C:417A' : '1080::8:800:200c:417a', # a unicast address
... 'FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:43' : 'ff01::43', # a multicast address
... '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1' : '::1', # the loopback address
... '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0' : '::', # the unspecified addresses
... }
>>> for long_form, short_form in valid_addrs.items():
... int_val = str_to_int(long_form)
... calc_short_form = int_to_str(int_val)
... calc_short_form == short_form
True
True
True
True
True
}}}
IPv6 mapped and compatible IPv4 string formatting.
{{{
>>> int_to_str(0xffffff)
'::0.255.255.255'
>>> int_to_str(0xffffffff)
'::255.255.255.255'
>>> int_to_str(0x1ffffffff)
'::1:ffff:ffff'
>>> int_to_str(0xffffffffffff)
'::ffff:255.255.255.255'
>>> int_to_str(0xfffeffffffff)
'::fffe:ffff:ffff'
>>> int_to_str(0xffffffffffff)
'::ffff:255.255.255.255'
>>> int_to_str(0xfffffffffff1)
'::ffff:255.255.255.241'
>>> int_to_str(0xfffffffffffe)
'::ffff:255.255.255.254'
>>> int_to_str(0xffffffffff00)
'::ffff:255.255.255.0'
>>> int_to_str(0xffffffff0000)
'::ffff:255.255.0.0'
>>> int_to_str(0xffffff000000)
'::ffff:255.0.0.0'
>>> int_to_str(0xffff000000)
'::ff:ff00:0'
>>> int_to_str(0xffff00000000)
'::ffff:0.0.0.0'
>>> int_to_str(0x1ffff00000000)
'::1:ffff:0:0'
>>> int_to_str(0xffff00000000)
'::ffff:0.0.0.0'
}}}
== str_to_int() Behavioural Tests (legacy_mode switch) ==
The legacy_mode switch on str_to_int() is for interface compatibility only and should not effect the behaviour of this method whether set to True or False.
{{{
>>> str_to_int('::127') == 295
True
>>> str_to_int('::0x7f')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AddrFormatError: '::0x7f' is not a valid IPv6 address string!
>>> str_to_int('::0177') == 375
True
>>> str_to_int('::127.1')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AddrFormatError: '::127.1' is not a valid IPv6 address string!
>>> str_to_int('::0x7f.1')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AddrFormatError: '::0x7f.1' is not a valid IPv6 address string!
>>> str_to_int('::0177.1')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AddrFormatError: '::0177.1' is not a valid IPv6 address string!
>>> str_to_int('::127.0.0.1') == 2130706433
True
}}}

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=Python 2.x and 3.x compatibility tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr.compat import _sys_maxint, _is_str, _is_int, _callable
>>> from netaddr.compat import _func_doc, _dict_keys, _dict_items
>>> from netaddr.compat import _iter_dict_keys, _bytes_join, _zip, _range
>>> from netaddr.compat import _iter_range, _func_name, _func_doc
# string and integer detection tests.
>>> _is_int(_sys_maxint)
True
>>> _is_str(_sys_maxint)
False
>>> _is_str('')
True
>>> _is_str(''.encode())
True
# byte string join tests.
>>> str_8bit = _bytes_join(['a'.encode(), 'b'.encode(), 'c'.encode()])
>>> str_8bit == 'abc'.encode()
True
>>> "b'abc'" == '%r' % str_8bit
True
# dict operation tests.
>>> d = { 'a' : 0, 'b' : 1, 'c' : 2 }
>>> sorted(_dict_keys(d)) == ['a', 'b', 'c']
True
>>> sorted(_dict_items(d)) == [('a', 0), ('b', 1), ('c', 2)]
True
# zip() BIF tests.
>>> l2 = _zip([0], [1])
>>> hasattr(_zip(l2), 'pop')
True
>>> l2 == [(0, 1)]
True
# range/xrange() tests.
>>> l1 = _range(3)
>>> isinstance(l1, list)
True
>>> hasattr(l1, 'pop')
True
>>> l1 == [0, 1, 2]
True
>>> it = _iter_range(3)
>>> isinstance(it, list)
False
>>> hasattr(it, '__iter__')
True
>>> it == [0, 1, 2]
False
>>> list(it) == [0, 1, 2]
True
# callable() and function meta-data tests.
>>> i = 1
>>> def f1():
... """docstring"""
... pass
>>> f2 = lambda x: x
>>> _callable(i)
False
>>> _callable(f1)
True
>>> _callable(f2)
True
>>> _func_name(f1) == 'f1'
True
>>> _func_doc(f1) == 'docstring'
True
}}}

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=Publish / Subscribe DP Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
Basic Publisher and Subscriber object tests.
{{{
>>> from netaddr.core import Publisher, Subscriber, PrettyPrinter
>>> import pprint
>>> class Subject(Publisher):
... pass
>>> class Observer(Subscriber):
... def __init__(self, id):
... self.id = id
...
... def update(self, data):
... return repr(self), pprint.pformat(data)
...
... def __repr__(self):
... return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.id)
...
>>> s = Subject()
>>> s.attach(Observer('foo'))
>>> s.attach(Observer('bar'))
#FIXME: >>> pp = PrettyPrinter()
#FIXME: >>> s.attach(pp)
>>> data = [{'foo': 42}, {'list': [1,'2', list(range(10))]}, {'strings': ['foo', 'bar', 'baz', 'quux']}]
>>> s.notify(data)
#FIXME: >>> s.detach(pp)
>>> s.notify(['foo', 'bar', 'baz'])
>>> s.attach('foo')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: 'foo' does not support required interface!
>>> s.detach('foo')
}}}

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=IEEE EUI-64 Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
}}}
IEEE EUI-64 tests.
{{{
>>> eui = EUI('00-1B-77-FF-FE-49-54-FD')
>>> eui
EUI('00-1B-77-FF-FE-49-54-FD')
>>> eui.oui
OUI('00-1B-77')
>>> eui.ei
'FF-FE-49-54-FD'
>>> eui.eui64()
EUI('00-1B-77-FF-FE-49-54-FD')
>>> mac = EUI('00-0F-1F-12-E7-33')
>>> ip = mac.ipv6_link_local()
>>> ip
IPAddress('fe80::20f:1fff:fe12:e733')
>>> ip.is_link_local()
True
>>> mac.eui64()
EUI('00-0F-1F-FF-FE-12-E7-33')
}}}
Individual Address Block tests.
{{{
>>> lower_eui = EUI('00-50-C2-05-C0-00')
>>> upper_eui = EUI('00-50-C2-05-CF-FF')
>>> lower_eui.is_iab()
True
>>> str(lower_eui.oui)
'00-50-C2'
>>> str(lower_eui.iab)
'00-50-C2-05-C0-00'
>>> lower_eui.ei
'05-C0-00'
>>> int(lower_eui.oui) == 0x0050c2
True
>>> int(lower_eui.iab) == 0x0050c205c
True
>>> upper_eui.is_iab()
True
>>> str(upper_eui.oui)
'00-50-C2'
>>> str(upper_eui.iab)
'00-50-C2-05-C0-00'
>>> upper_eui.ei
'05-CF-FF'
>>> int(upper_eui.oui) == 0x0050c2
True
>>> int(upper_eui.iab) == 0x0050c205c
True
}}}
Constructor tests.
{{{
>>> eui = EUI('00-90-96-AF-CC-39')
>>> eui == EUI('0-90-96-AF-CC-39')
True
>>> eui == EUI('00-90-96-af-cc-39')
True
>>> eui == EUI('00:90:96:AF:CC:39')
True
>>> eui == EUI('00:90:96:af:cc:39')
True
>>> eui == EUI('0090-96AF-CC39')
True
>>> eui == EUI('0090:96af:cc39')
True
>>> eui == EUI('009096-AFCC39')
True
>>> eui == EUI('009096:AFCC39')
True
>>> eui == EUI('009096AFCC39')
True
>>> eui == EUI('009096afcc39')
True
>>> EUI('01-00-00-00-00-00') == EUI('010000000000')
True
>>> EUI('01-00-00-00-00-00') == EUI('10000000000')
True
>>> EUI('01-00-00-01-00-00') == EUI('010000:010000')
True
>>> EUI('01-00-00-01-00-00') == EUI('10000:10000')
True
}}}
EUI-48 and EUI-64 indentifiers of the same value are *not* equivalent.
{{{
>>> eui48 = EUI('01-00-00-01-00-00')
>>> int(eui48) == 1099511693312
True
>>> eui64 = EUI('00-00-01-00-00-01-00-00')
>>> int(eui64) == 1099511693312
True
>>> eui48 == eui64
False
}}}
Sortability
{{{
>>> import random
>>> eui_list = [EUI(0, 64), EUI(0), EUI(0xffffffffffff, dialect=mac_unix), EUI(0x1000000000000)]
>>> random.shuffle(eui_list)
>>> eui_list.sort()
>>> for eui in eui_list:
... str(eui), eui.version
('00-00-00-00-00-00', 48)
('ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff', 48)
('00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00', 64)
('00-01-00-00-00-00-00-00', 64)
}}}
Persistence
{{{
>>> import pickle
>>> eui1 = EUI('00-00-00-01-02-03')
>>> eui2 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(eui1))
>>> eui1 == eui2
True
>>> eui1 = EUI('00-00-00-01-02-03', dialect=mac_cisco)
>>> eui2 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(eui1))
>>> eui1 == eui2
True
>>> eui1.dialect == eui2.dialect
True
>>> oui1 = EUI('00-00-00-01-02-03').oui
>>> oui2 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(oui1))
>>> oui1 == oui2
True
>>> oui1.records == oui2.records
True
>>> iab1 = EUI('00-50-C2-00-1F-FF').iab
>>> iab2 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(iab1))
>>> iab1 == iab2
True
>>> iab1.record == iab2.record
True
}}}

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=IEEE EUI-64 Identifier Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
}}}
Basic operations.
{{{
>>> mac = EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
>>> mac
EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
>>> eui = mac.eui64()
>>> eui
EUI('00-1B-77-FF-FE-49-54-FD')
>>> eui.eui64()
EUI('00-1B-77-FF-FE-49-54-FD')
>>> int(eui) == 7731765737772285
True
>>> eui.packed
b'\x00\x1bw\xff\xfeIT\xfd'
>>> eui.bin
'0b11011011101111111111111111110010010010101010011111101'
>>> eui.bits()
'00000000-00011011-01110111-11111111-11111110-01001001-01010100-11111101'
}}}
IPv6 interoperability
{{{
>>> mac = EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
>>> eui = mac.eui64()
>>> mac
EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
>>> eui
EUI('00-1B-77-FF-FE-49-54-FD')
>>> mac.modified_eui64()
EUI('02-1B-77-FF-FE-49-54-FD')
>>> mac.ipv6_link_local()
IPAddress('fe80::21b:77ff:fe49:54fd')
>>> eui.ipv6_link_local()
IPAddress('fe80::21b:77ff:fe49:54fd')
>>> mac.ipv6(0x12340000000000000000000000000000)
IPAddress('1234::21b:77ff:fe49:54fd')
>>> eui.ipv6(0x12340000000000000000000000000000)
IPAddress('1234::21b:77ff:fe49:54fd')

56
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=IEEE Publish/Subscribe Parser Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
Basic OUIIndexParser and FileIndexer object tests.
{{{
>>> from netaddr.eui.ieee import OUIIndexParser, IABIndexParser, FileIndexer
>>> from io import StringIO
>>> infile = StringIO()
>>> outfile = StringIO()
>>> infile.write("""
... 00-CA-FE (hex) ACME CORPORATION
... 00CAFE (base 16) ACME CORPORATION
... 1 MAIN STREET
... SPRINGFIELD
... UNITED STATES
... """)
211
>>> infile.seek(0)
0
>>> iab_parser = OUIIndexParser(infile)
>>> iab_parser.attach(FileIndexer(outfile))
>>> iab_parser.parse()
>>> print(outfile.getvalue())
51966,1,210
<BLANKLINE>
}}}
Basic IABIndexParser and FileIndexer object tests.
{{{
>>> infile = StringIO()
>>> outfile = StringIO()
>>> infile.write("""
... 00-50-C2 (hex) ACME CORPORATION
... ABC000-ABCFFF (base 16) ACME CORPORATION
... 1 MAIN STREET
... SPRINGFIELD
... UNITED STATES
... """)
182
>>> infile.seek(0)
0
>>> iab_parser = IABIndexParser(infile)
>>> iab_parser.attach(FileIndexer(outfile))
>>> iab_parser.parse()
>>> print(outfile.getvalue())
84683452,1,181
<BLANKLINE>
}}}

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=EUI (MAC) Address Tutorial=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
}}}
==Basic Operations==
This EUI object represents a MAC address.
{{{
>>> mac = EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
}}}
Standard repr() access returns a Python statement that can reconstruct the MAC address object from scratch if executed in the Python interpreter.
{{{
>>> mac
EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
}}}
Accessing the EUI object in the string context.
{{{
>>> str(mac)
'00-1B-77-49-54-FD'
>>> '%s' % mac
'00-1B-77-49-54-FD'
}}}
Here are a few other common properties.
{{{
>>> str(mac), str(mac.oui), mac.ei, mac.version
('00-1B-77-49-54-FD', '00-1B-77', '49-54-FD', 48)
}}}
==MAC Address Numerical Representations==
You can view an individual IP address in various other formats.
{{{
>>> int(mac) == 117965411581
True
>>> hex(mac)
'0x1b774954fd'
>>> oct(mac)
'0o1556722252375'
>>> mac.bits()
'00000000-00011011-01110111-01001001-01010100-11111101'
>>> mac.bin
'0b1101101110111010010010101010011111101'
}}}
==MAC Address Formatting==
It is very common to see MAC address in many different formats other than the standard IEEE EUI-48.
The EUI class constructor handles all these common forms.
{{{
>>> EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
IEEE EUI-48 lowercase format.
>>> EUI('00-1b-77-49-54-fd')
EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
Common UNIX format.
>>> EUI('0:1b:77:49:54:fd')
EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
Cisco triple hextet format.
>>> EUI('001b:7749:54fd')
EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
>>> EUI('1b:7749:54fd')
EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
>>> EUI('1B:7749:54FD')
EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
Bare MAC addresses (no delimiters).
>>> EUI('001b774954fd')
EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
>>> EUI('01B774954FD')
EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
PostreSQL format (found in documentation).
>>> EUI('001B77:4954FD')
EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
}}}
It is equally possible to specify a selected format for your MAC string output in the form of a 'dialect' class. It's use is similar to the dialect class used in the Python standard library csv module.
{{{
>>> mac = EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
>>> mac
EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
>>> mac.dialect = mac_unix
>>> mac
EUI('0:1b:77:49:54:fd')
>>> mac.dialect = mac_unix_expanded
>>> mac
EUI('00:1b:77:49:54:fd')
>>> mac.dialect = mac_cisco
>>> mac
EUI('001b.7749.54fd')
>>> mac.dialect = mac_bare
>>> mac
EUI('001B774954FD')
>>> mac.dialect = mac_pgsql
>>> mac
EUI('001b77:4954fd')
}}}
You can of course, create your own dialect classes to customise the MAC formatting if the standard ones do not suit your needs.
Here's a tweaked UNIX MAC dialect that generates uppercase, zero-filled octets.
{{{
>>> class mac_custom(mac_unix): pass
>>> mac_custom.word_fmt = '%.2X'
>>> mac = EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD', dialect=mac_custom)
>>> mac
EUI('00:1B:77:49:54:FD')
}}}
==Looking Up EUI Organisational Data==
EUI objects provide an interface to the OUI (Organisationally Unique Identifier) and IAB (Individual Address Block) registration databases available from the IEEE.
Here is how you query an OUI with the EUI interface.
{{{
>>> mac = EUI('00-1B-77-49-54-FD')
>>> oui = mac.oui
>>> oui
OUI('00-1B-77')
>>> oui.registration().address
['Lot 8, Jalan Hi-Tech 2/3', 'Kulim Hi-Tech Park', 'Kulim Kedah 09000', 'MALAYSIA']
>>> oui.registration().org
'Intel Corporate'
}}}
You can also use OUI objects directly without going through the EUI interface.
A few OUI records have multiple registrations against them. I'm not sure if this is recording historical information or just a quirk of the IEEE reigstration process.
This example show you how you access them individually by specifying an index number.
{{{
>>> oui = OUI(524336) # OUI constructor accepts integer values too.
>>> oui
OUI('08-00-30')
>>> oui.registration(0).address
['2380 N. ROSE AVENUE', 'OXNARD CA 93010', 'UNITED STATES']
>>> oui.registration(0).org
'NETWORK RESEARCH CORPORATION'
>>> oui.registration(0).oui
'08-00-30'
>>> oui.registration(1).address
['CH-1211 GENEVE 23', 'SUISSE/SWITZ', 'SWITZERLAND']
>>> oui.registration(1).org
'CERN'
>>> oui.registration(1).oui
'08-00-30'
>>> oui.registration(2).address
['GPO BOX 2476V', 'MELBOURNE VIC 3001', 'AUSTRALIA']
>>> oui.registration(2).org
'ROYAL MELBOURNE INST OF TECH'
>>> oui.registration(2).oui
'08-00-30'
>>> for i in range(oui.reg_count):
... str(oui), oui.registration(i).org
...
('08-00-30', 'NETWORK RESEARCH CORPORATION')
('08-00-30', 'CERN')
('08-00-30', 'ROYAL MELBOURNE INST OF TECH')
}}}
Here is how you query an IAB with the EUI interface.
{{{
>>> mac = EUI('00-50-C2-00-0F-01')
>>> mac.is_iab()
True
>>> iab = mac.iab
>>> iab
IAB('00-50-C2-00-00-00')
>>> iab.registration()
{'address': ['1241 Superieor Ave E', 'Cleveland OH 44114', 'UNITED STATES'],
'iab': '00-50-C2-00-00-00',
...
'offset': 123,
'org': 'T.L.S. Corp.',
'size': 139}
}}}

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=Abbreviated CIDR Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
}}}
Abbreviation tests.
{{{
>>> ranges = (
... (IPAddress('::'), IPAddress('::')),
... (IPAddress('0.0.0.0'), IPAddress('255.255.255.255')),
... (IPAddress('::'), IPAddress('::255.255.255.255')),
... (IPAddress('0.0.0.0'), IPAddress('0.0.0.0')),
... )
>>> sorted(ranges)
[(IPAddress('0.0.0.0'), IPAddress('0.0.0.0')), (IPAddress('0.0.0.0'), IPAddress('255.255.255.255')), (IPAddress('::'), IPAddress('::')), (IPAddress('::'), IPAddress('::255.255.255.255'))]
# Integer values.
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(-1)
-1
# Class A
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(0)
'0.0.0.0/8'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(10)
'10.0.0.0/8'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(127)
'127.0.0.0/8'
# Class B
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(128)
'128.0.0.0/16'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(191)
'191.0.0.0/16'
# Class C
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(192)
'192.0.0.0/24'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(223)
'223.0.0.0/24'
# Class D (multicast)
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(224)
'224.0.0.0/4'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(225)
'225.0.0.0/4'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(239)
'239.0.0.0/4'
# Class E (reserved)
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(240)
'240.0.0.0/32'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(254)
'254.0.0.0/32'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(255)
'255.0.0.0/32'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(256)
256
# String values.
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('-1')
'-1'
# Class A
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('0')
'0.0.0.0/8'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('10')
'10.0.0.0/8'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('127')
'127.0.0.0/8'
# Class B
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('128')
'128.0.0.0/16'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('191')
'191.0.0.0/16'
# Class C
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('192')
'192.0.0.0/24'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('223')
'223.0.0.0/24'
# Class D (multicast)
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('224')
'224.0.0.0/4'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('225')
'225.0.0.0/4'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('239')
'239.0.0.0/4'
# Class E (reserved)
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('240')
'240.0.0.0/32'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('254')
'254.0.0.0/32'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('255')
'255.0.0.0/32'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('256')
'256'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('128/8')
'128.0.0.0/8'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('128.0/8')
'128.0.0.0/8'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('128.0.0.0/8')
'128.0.0.0/8'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('128.0.0/8')
'128.0.0.0/8'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('192.168')
'192.168.0.0/24'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('192.0.2')
'192.0.2.0/24'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('192.0.2.0')
'192.0.2.0/24'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('0.0.0.0')
'0.0.0.0/8'
# No IPv6 support current.
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('::/128')
'::/128'
# IPv6 proper, not IPv4 mapped?
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('::10/128')
'::10/128'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('0.0.0.0.0')
'0.0.0.0.0'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('')
''
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose(None)
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose([])
[]
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose({})
{}
}}}
Negative testing.
{{{
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('192.0.2.0')
'192.0.2.0/24'
>>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('192.0.2.0/32')
'192.0.2.0/32'
#FIXME: >>> cidr_abbrev_to_verbose('192.0.2.0/33')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: prefixlen in address '192.0.2.0/33' out of range for IPv4!
}}}
IPv4 octet expansion routine.
{{{
>>> from netaddr.strategy import ipv4
>>> ipv4.expand_partial_address('10')
'10.0.0.0'
>>> ipv4.expand_partial_address('10.1')
'10.1.0.0'
>>> ipv4.expand_partial_address('192.168.1')
'192.168.1.0'
}}}
IPNetwork constructor testing.
{{{
>>> IPNetwork('192.168/16')
IPNetwork('192.168.0.0/16')
>>> IPNetwork('192.168.0.15')
IPNetwork('192.168.0.15/32')
>>> IPNetwork('192.168')
IPNetwork('192.168.0.0/32')
>>> IPNetwork('192.168', implicit_prefix=True)
IPNetwork('192.168.0.0/24')
>>> IPNetwork('192.168', True)
IPNetwork('192.168.0.0/24')
>>> IPNetwork('10.0.0.1', True)
IPNetwork('10.0.0.1/8')
}}}

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=Binary and numerical operations on IP addresses=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
}}}
==Addition and Subtraction ==
{{{
>>> IPAddress('192.0.2.0') + 1
IPAddress('192.0.2.1')
>>> 1 + IPAddress('192.0.2.0')
IPAddress('192.0.2.1')
>>> IPAddress('192.0.2.1') - 1
IPAddress('192.0.2.0')
>>> IPAddress('192.0.0.0') + IPAddress('0.0.0.42')
IPAddress('192.0.0.42')
>>> IPAddress('192.0.0.42') - IPAddress('0.0.0.42')
IPAddress('192.0.0.0')
>>> 1 - IPAddress('192.0.2.1')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: result outside valid IP address boundary!
>>> ip = IPAddress('10.0.0.1')
>>> ip += 1
>>> ip
IPAddress('10.0.0.2')
>>> ip -= 1
>>> ip
IPAddress('10.0.0.1')
>>> ip += IPAddress('0.0.0.42')
>>> ip
IPAddress('10.0.0.43')
>>> ip -= IPAddress('0.0.0.43')
>>> ip
IPAddress('10.0.0.0')
}}}
==Binary operations==
{{{
>>> IPAddress('192.0.2.15') & IPAddress('255.255.255.0')
IPAddress('192.0.2.0')
>>> IPAddress('255.255.0.0') | IPAddress('0.0.255.255')
IPAddress('255.255.255.255')
>>> IPAddress('255.255.0.0') ^ IPAddress('255.0.0.0')
IPAddress('0.255.0.0')
>>> IPAddress('1.2.3.4').packed
b'\x01\x02\x03\x04'
}}}

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=IP Range Boundary Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
>>> import pprint
}}}
`iter_iprange()` iterator boundary tests.
{{{
>>> pprint.pprint(list(iter_iprange('192.0.2.0', '192.0.2.7')))
[IPAddress('192.0.2.0'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.1'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.2'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.3'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.4'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.5'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.6'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.7')]
>>> pprint.pprint(list(iter_iprange('::ffff:192.0.2.0', '::ffff:192.0.2.7')))
[IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.0'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.1'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.2'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.3'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.4'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.5'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.6'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.7')]
}}}
`IPNetwork()` iterator boundary tests.
{{{
>>> pprint.pprint(list(IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/29')[0:-1]))
[IPAddress('192.0.2.0'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.1'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.2'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.3'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.4'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.5'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.6')]
>>> pprint.pprint(list(IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/29')[::-1]))
[IPAddress('192.0.2.7'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.6'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.5'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.4'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.3'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.2'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.1'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.0')]
For IPv4, network (first) and broadcast (last) address must be skipped.
>>> pprint.pprint(list(IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/29').iter_hosts()))
[IPAddress('192.0.2.1'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.2'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.3'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.4'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.5'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.6')]
For IPv6, Subnet-Router anycast address (first) must be skipped.
>>> pprint.pprint(list(IPNetwork('::ffff:192.0.2.0/125').iter_hosts()))
[IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.1'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.2'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.3'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.4'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.5'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.6'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.7')]
Very small IPNetworks do contain some IP addresses
>>> list(IPNetwork("192.168.0.0/31"))
[IPAddress('192.168.0.0'), IPAddress('192.168.0.1')]
>>> list(IPNetwork("1234::/128"))
[IPAddress('1234::')]
But they have no IPs that can be assigned to hosts.
>>> list(IPNetwork("1234::/128").iter_hosts())
[]
>>> list(IPNetwork("192.168.0.0/31").iter_hosts())
[]
}}}
`IPRange()` iterator boundary tests.
{{{
>>> pprint.pprint(list(IPRange('192.0.2.0', '192.0.2.7')))
[IPAddress('192.0.2.0'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.1'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.2'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.3'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.4'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.5'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.6'),
IPAddress('192.0.2.7')]
>>> pprint.pprint(list(IPRange('::ffff:192.0.2.0', '::ffff:192.0.2.7')))
[IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.0'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.1'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.2'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.3'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.4'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.5'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.6'),
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.7')]
}}}
Boolean contexts.
{{{
>>> bool(IPAddress('0.0.0.0'))
False
>>> bool(IPAddress('0.0.0.1'))
True
>>> bool(IPAddress('255.255.255.255'))
True
>>> bool(IPNetwork('0.0.0.0/0'))
True
>>> bool(IPNetwork('::/0'))
True
>>> bool(IPRange('0.0.0.0', '255.255.255.255'))
True
>>> bool(IPRange('0.0.0.0', '0.0.0.0'))
True
>>> bool(IPGlob('*.*.*.*'))
True
>>> bool(IPGlob('0.0.0.0'))
True
}}}
`IPAddress()` negative increment tests.
{{{
>>> ip = IPAddress('0.0.0.0')
>>> ip += -1
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: result outside valid IP address boundary!
>>> ip = IPAddress('255.255.255.255')
>>> ip -= -1
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: result outside valid IP address boundary!
}}}

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=CIDR Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
}}}
==Basic IP Range Tuple Sorting==
{{{
>>> ranges = (
... (IPAddress('::'), IPAddress('::')),
... (IPAddress('0.0.0.0'), IPAddress('255.255.255.255')),
... (IPAddress('::'), IPAddress('::255.255.255.255')),
... (IPAddress('0.0.0.0'), IPAddress('0.0.0.0')),
... )
>>> sorted(ranges)
[(IPAddress('0.0.0.0'), IPAddress('0.0.0.0')), (IPAddress('0.0.0.0'), IPAddress('255.255.255.255')), (IPAddress('::'), IPAddress('::')), (IPAddress('::'), IPAddress('::255.255.255.255'))]
}}}
Worst case IPv4 range to CIDR conversion.
{{{
>>> for ip in iprange_to_cidrs('0.0.0.1', '255.255.255.254'):
... ip
...
IPNetwork('0.0.0.1/32')
IPNetwork('0.0.0.2/31')
IPNetwork('0.0.0.4/30')
IPNetwork('0.0.0.8/29')
IPNetwork('0.0.0.16/28')
IPNetwork('0.0.0.32/27')
IPNetwork('0.0.0.64/26')
IPNetwork('0.0.0.128/25')
IPNetwork('0.0.1.0/24')
IPNetwork('0.0.2.0/23')
IPNetwork('0.0.4.0/22')
IPNetwork('0.0.8.0/21')
IPNetwork('0.0.16.0/20')
IPNetwork('0.0.32.0/19')
IPNetwork('0.0.64.0/18')
IPNetwork('0.0.128.0/17')
IPNetwork('0.1.0.0/16')
IPNetwork('0.2.0.0/15')
IPNetwork('0.4.0.0/14')
IPNetwork('0.8.0.0/13')
IPNetwork('0.16.0.0/12')
IPNetwork('0.32.0.0/11')
IPNetwork('0.64.0.0/10')
IPNetwork('0.128.0.0/9')
IPNetwork('1.0.0.0/8')
IPNetwork('2.0.0.0/7')
IPNetwork('4.0.0.0/6')
IPNetwork('8.0.0.0/5')
IPNetwork('16.0.0.0/4')
IPNetwork('32.0.0.0/3')
IPNetwork('64.0.0.0/2')
IPNetwork('128.0.0.0/2')
IPNetwork('192.0.0.0/3')
IPNetwork('224.0.0.0/4')
IPNetwork('240.0.0.0/5')
IPNetwork('248.0.0.0/6')
IPNetwork('252.0.0.0/7')
IPNetwork('254.0.0.0/8')
IPNetwork('255.0.0.0/9')
IPNetwork('255.128.0.0/10')
IPNetwork('255.192.0.0/11')
IPNetwork('255.224.0.0/12')
IPNetwork('255.240.0.0/13')
IPNetwork('255.248.0.0/14')
IPNetwork('255.252.0.0/15')
IPNetwork('255.254.0.0/16')
IPNetwork('255.255.0.0/17')
IPNetwork('255.255.128.0/18')
IPNetwork('255.255.192.0/19')
IPNetwork('255.255.224.0/20')
IPNetwork('255.255.240.0/21')
IPNetwork('255.255.248.0/22')
IPNetwork('255.255.252.0/23')
IPNetwork('255.255.254.0/24')
IPNetwork('255.255.255.0/25')
IPNetwork('255.255.255.128/26')
IPNetwork('255.255.255.192/27')
IPNetwork('255.255.255.224/28')
IPNetwork('255.255.255.240/29')
IPNetwork('255.255.255.248/30')
IPNetwork('255.255.255.252/31')
IPNetwork('255.255.255.254/32')
}}}
Worst case IPv4 mapped IPv6 range to CIDR.
{{{
>>> for ip in iprange_to_cidrs('::ffff:1', '::ffff:255.255.255.254'):
... ip
...
IPNetwork('::255.255.0.1/128')
IPNetwork('::255.255.0.2/127')
IPNetwork('::255.255.0.4/126')
IPNetwork('::255.255.0.8/125')
IPNetwork('::255.255.0.16/124')
IPNetwork('::255.255.0.32/123')
IPNetwork('::255.255.0.64/122')
IPNetwork('::255.255.0.128/121')
IPNetwork('::255.255.1.0/120')
IPNetwork('::255.255.2.0/119')
IPNetwork('::255.255.4.0/118')
IPNetwork('::255.255.8.0/117')
IPNetwork('::255.255.16.0/116')
IPNetwork('::255.255.32.0/115')
IPNetwork('::255.255.64.0/114')
IPNetwork('::255.255.128.0/113')
IPNetwork('::1:0:0/96')
IPNetwork('::2:0:0/95')
IPNetwork('::4:0:0/94')
IPNetwork('::8:0:0/93')
IPNetwork('::10:0:0/92')
IPNetwork('::20:0:0/91')
IPNetwork('::40:0:0/90')
IPNetwork('::80:0:0/89')
IPNetwork('::100:0:0/88')
IPNetwork('::200:0:0/87')
IPNetwork('::400:0:0/86')
IPNetwork('::800:0:0/85')
IPNetwork('::1000:0:0/84')
IPNetwork('::2000:0:0/83')
IPNetwork('::4000:0:0/82')
IPNetwork('::8000:0:0/82')
IPNetwork('::c000:0:0/83')
IPNetwork('::e000:0:0/84')
IPNetwork('::f000:0:0/85')
IPNetwork('::f800:0:0/86')
IPNetwork('::fc00:0:0/87')
IPNetwork('::fe00:0:0/88')
IPNetwork('::ff00:0:0/89')
IPNetwork('::ff80:0:0/90')
IPNetwork('::ffc0:0:0/91')
IPNetwork('::ffe0:0:0/92')
IPNetwork('::fff0:0:0/93')
IPNetwork('::fff8:0:0/94')
IPNetwork('::fffc:0:0/95')
IPNetwork('::fffe:0:0/96')
IPNetwork('::ffff:0.0.0.0/97')
IPNetwork('::ffff:128.0.0.0/98')
IPNetwork('::ffff:192.0.0.0/99')
IPNetwork('::ffff:224.0.0.0/100')
IPNetwork('::ffff:240.0.0.0/101')
IPNetwork('::ffff:248.0.0.0/102')
IPNetwork('::ffff:252.0.0.0/103')
IPNetwork('::ffff:254.0.0.0/104')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.0.0.0/105')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.128.0.0/106')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.192.0.0/107')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.224.0.0/108')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.240.0.0/109')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.248.0.0/110')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.252.0.0/111')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.254.0.0/112')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.255.0.0/113')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.255.128.0/114')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.255.192.0/115')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.255.224.0/116')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.255.240.0/117')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.255.248.0/118')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.255.252.0/119')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.255.254.0/120')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.255.255.0/121')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.255.255.128/122')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.255.255.192/123')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.255.255.224/124')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.255.255.240/125')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.255.255.248/126')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.255.255.252/127')
IPNetwork('::ffff:255.255.255.254/128')
}}}
RFC 4291 CIDR tests.
{{{
>>> str(IPNetwork('2001:0DB8:0000:CD30:0000:0000:0000:0000/60'))
'2001:db8:0:cd30::/60'
>>> str(IPNetwork('2001:0DB8::CD30:0:0:0:0/60'))
'2001:db8:0:cd30::/60'
>>> str(IPNetwork('2001:0DB8:0:CD30::/60'))
'2001:db8:0:cd30::/60'
}}}
Equality tests.
{{{
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/255.255.254.0') == IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/23')
True
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.65/255.255.254.0') == IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/23')
True
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.65/255.255.254.0') == IPNetwork('192.0.2.65/23')
True
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.65/255.255.255.0') == IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/23')
False
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.65/255.255.254.0') == IPNetwork('192.0.2.65/24')
False
}}}
Slicing tests.
{{{
>>> ip = IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/23')
>>> ip.first == 3221225984
True
>>> ip.last == 3221226495
True
>>> ip[0]
IPAddress('192.0.2.0')
>>> ip[-1]
IPAddress('192.0.3.255')
>>> list(ip[::128])
[IPAddress('192.0.2.0'), IPAddress('192.0.2.128'), IPAddress('192.0.3.0'), IPAddress('192.0.3.128')]
>>> ip = IPNetwork('fe80::/10')
>>> ip[0]
IPAddress('fe80::')
>>> ip[-1]
IPAddress('febf:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff')
>>> ip.size == 332306998946228968225951765070086144
True
>>> list(ip[0:5:1])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: IPv6 slices are not supported!
}}}
Membership tests.
{{{
>>> IPAddress('192.0.2.1') in IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
True
>>> IPAddress('192.0.2.255') in IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
True
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24') in IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/23')
True
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24') in IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
True
>>> IPAddress('ffff::1') in IPNetwork('ffff::/127')
True
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/23') in IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
False
}}}
Equality tests.
{{{
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24') == IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
True
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24') is not IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
True
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24') != IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
False
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24') is IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
False
>>> IPNetwork('fe80::/10') == IPNetwork('fe80::/10')
True
>>> IPNetwork('fe80::/10') is not IPNetwork('fe80::/10')
True
>>> IPNetwork('fe80::/10') != IPNetwork('fe80::/10')
False
>>> IPNetwork('fe80::/10') is IPNetwork('fe80::/10')
False
}}}
Exclusion tests.
{{{
# Equivalent to :-
# >>> set([1]) - set([1])
# set([1])
>>> cidr_exclude('192.0.2.1/32', '192.0.2.1/32')
[]
# Equivalent to :-
# >>> set([1,2]) - set([2])
# set([1])
>>> cidr_exclude('192.0.2.0/31', '192.0.2.1/32')
[IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/32')]
# Equivalent to :-
# >>> set([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]) - set([5,6,7,8])
# set([1, 2, 3, 4])
>>> cidr_exclude('192.0.2.0/24', '192.0.2.128/25')
[IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/25')]
# Equivalent to :-
# >>> set([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]) - set([5,6])
# set([1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8])
>>> cidr_exclude('192.0.2.0/24', '192.0.2.128/27')
[IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/25'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.160/27'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.192/26')]
# Subtracting a larger range from a smaller one results in an empty
# list (rather than a negative CIDR - which would be rather odd)!
#
# Equivalent to :-
# >>> set([1]) - set([1,2,3])
# set([])
>>> cidr_exclude('192.0.2.1/32', '192.0.2.0/24')
[]
}}}
Please Note: excluding IP subnets that are not within each other and have no overlaps should return the original target IP object.
{{{
# Equivalent to :-
# >>> set([1,2,3]) - set([4])
# set([1,2,3])
>>> cidr_exclude('192.0.2.0/28', '192.0.2.16/32')
[IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/28')]
# Equivalent to :-
# >>> set([1]) - set([2,3,4])
# set([1])
>>> cidr_exclude('192.0.1.255/32', '192.0.2.0/28')
[IPNetwork('192.0.1.255/32')]
}}}
Merge tests.
{{{
>>> cidr_merge(['192.0.128.0/24', '192.0.129.0/24'])
[IPNetwork('192.0.128.0/23')]
>>> cidr_merge(['192.0.129.0/24', '192.0.130.0/24'])
[IPNetwork('192.0.129.0/24'), IPNetwork('192.0.130.0/24')]
>>> cidr_merge(['192.0.2.112/30', '192.0.2.116/31', '192.0.2.118/31'])
[IPNetwork('192.0.2.112/29')]
>>> cidr_merge(['192.0.2.112/30', '192.0.2.116/32', '192.0.2.118/31'])
[IPNetwork('192.0.2.112/30'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.116/32'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.118/31')]
>>> cidr_merge(['192.0.2.112/31', '192.0.2.116/31', '192.0.2.118/31'])
[IPNetwork('192.0.2.112/31'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.116/30')]
>>> cidr_merge(['192.0.1.254/31',
... '192.0.2.0/28',
... '192.0.2.16/28',
... '192.0.2.32/28',
... '192.0.2.48/28',
... '192.0.2.64/28',
... '192.0.2.80/28',
... '192.0.2.96/28',
... '192.0.2.112/28',
... '192.0.2.128/28',
... '192.0.2.144/28',
... '192.0.2.160/28',
... '192.0.2.176/28',
... '192.0.2.192/28',
... '192.0.2.208/28',
... '192.0.2.224/28',
... '192.0.2.240/28',
... '192.0.3.0/28'])
[IPNetwork('192.0.1.254/31'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24'), IPNetwork('192.0.3.0/28')]
}}}
Extended merge tests.
{{{
>>> import random
# Start with a single /23 CIDR.
>>> orig_cidr_ipv4 = IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/23')
>>> orig_cidr_ipv6 = IPNetwork('::192.0.2.0/120')
# Split it into /28 subnet CIDRs (mix CIDR objects and CIDR strings).
>>> cidr_subnets = []
>>> cidr_subnets.extend([str(c) for c in orig_cidr_ipv4.subnet(28)])
>>> cidr_subnets.extend(list(orig_cidr_ipv4.subnet(28)))
>>> cidr_subnets.extend([str(c) for c in orig_cidr_ipv6.subnet(124)])
>>> cidr_subnets.extend(list(orig_cidr_ipv6.subnet(124)))
# Add a couple of duplicates in to make sure summarization is working OK.
>>> cidr_subnets.append('192.0.2.1/32')
>>> cidr_subnets.append('192.0.2.128/25')
>>> cidr_subnets.append('::192.0.2.92/128')
# Randomize the order of subnets.
>>> random.shuffle(cidr_subnets)
# Perform summarization operation.
>>> merged_cidrs = cidr_merge(cidr_subnets)
>>> merged_cidrs
[IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/23'), IPNetwork('::192.0.2.0/120')]
>>> merged_cidrs == [orig_cidr_ipv4, orig_cidr_ipv6]
True
}}}

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=IP Constructor Stress Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
}}}
IPAddress constructor - integer values.
{{{
>>> IPAddress(1)
IPAddress('0.0.0.1')
>>> IPAddress(1, 4)
IPAddress('0.0.0.1')
>>> IPAddress(1, 6)
IPAddress('::1')
>>> IPAddress(10)
IPAddress('0.0.0.10')
>>> IPAddress(0x1ffffffff)
IPAddress('::1:ffff:ffff')
>>> IPAddress(0xffffffff, 6)
IPAddress('::255.255.255.255')
>>> IPAddress(0x1ffffffff)
IPAddress('::1:ffff:ffff')
>>> IPAddress(2 ** 128 - 1)
IPAddress('ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff')
}}}
IPAddress constructor - IPv4 inet_aton behaviour (default).
{{{
# Hexadecimal octets.
>>> IPAddress('0x7f.0x1')
IPAddress('127.0.0.1')
>>> IPAddress('0x7f.0x0.0x0.0x1')
IPAddress('127.0.0.1')
# Octal octets.
>>> IPAddress('0177.01')
IPAddress('127.0.0.1')
# Mixed octets.
>>> IPAddress('0x7f.0.01')
IPAddress('127.0.0.1')
# Partial addresses - pretty weird ...
>>> IPAddress('127')
IPAddress('0.0.0.127')
>>> IPAddress('127')
IPAddress('0.0.0.127')
>>> IPAddress('127.1')
IPAddress('127.0.0.1')
>>> IPAddress('127.0.1')
IPAddress('127.0.0.1')
}}}
IPAddress constructor - IPv4 inet_pton behaviour (stricter parser).
{{{
# Octal octets.
>>> IPAddress('0177.01', flags=INET_PTON)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
netaddr.core.AddrFormatError: failed to detect a valid IP address from '0177.01'
# Mixed octets.
>>> IPAddress('0x7f.0.01', flags=INET_PTON)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
netaddr.core.AddrFormatError: failed to detect a valid IP address from '0x7f.0.01'
# Partial octets.
>>> IPAddress('10', flags=INET_PTON)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
netaddr.core.AddrFormatError: failed to detect a valid IP address from '10'
>>> IPAddress('10.1', flags=INET_PTON)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
netaddr.core.AddrFormatError: failed to detect a valid IP address from '10.1'
>>> IPAddress('10.0.1', flags=INET_PTON)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
netaddr.core.AddrFormatError: failed to detect a valid IP address from '10.0.1'
>>> IPAddress('10.0.0.1', flags=INET_PTON)
IPAddress('10.0.0.1')
}}}
IPAddress constructor - zero filled octets.
{{{
# This takes a lot of people by surprise ...
>>> IPAddress('010.000.000.001')
IPAddress('8.0.0.1')
# So, we need this!
>>> IPAddress('010.000.000.001', flags=ZEROFILL)
IPAddress('10.0.0.1')
# Zero-fill with inet_aton behaviour - partial octets are OK but zero-filled
# octets are interpreted as decimal ...
>>> IPAddress('010.000.001', flags=ZEROFILL)
IPAddress('10.0.0.1')
# Zero-fill with inet_pton behaviour - 4 octets only!
>>> IPAddress('010.000.001', flags=INET_PTON|ZEROFILL)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
netaddr.core.AddrFormatError: failed to detect a valid IP address from '010.000.001'
# Zero-fill with inet_pton behaviour - 4 octets only!
>>> IPAddress('010.000.000.001', flags=INET_PTON|ZEROFILL)
IPAddress('10.0.0.1')
# To save some typing there are short versions of these flags.
>>> IPAddress('010.000.000.001', flags=P|Z)
IPAddress('10.0.0.1')
}}}
IP network construction.
{{{
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/255.255.255.0')
IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/0.0.0.255')
IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
>>> IPNetwork(IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24'))
IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
>>> IPNetwork(IPNetwork('::192.0.2.0/120'))
IPNetwork('::192.0.2.0/120')
>>> IPNetwork(IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24'))
IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
>>> IPNetwork('::192.0.2.0/120')
IPNetwork('::192.0.2.0/120')
>>> IPNetwork('::192.0.2.0/120', 6)
IPNetwork('::192.0.2.0/120')
}}}
Optional implicit IP network prefix selection rules.
{{{
>>> IPNetwork('192.0.2.0', implicit_prefix=True)
IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
>>> IPNetwork('231.192.0.15', implicit_prefix=True)
IPNetwork('231.192.0.15/4')
>>> IPNetwork('10', implicit_prefix=True)
IPNetwork('10.0.0.0/8')
}}}
Optional flags for tweaking IPNetwork constructor behaviour.
{{{
>>> IPNetwork('172.24.200')
IPNetwork('172.24.200.0/32')
>>> IPNetwork('172.24.200', implicit_prefix=True)
IPNetwork('172.24.200.0/16')
# Truncate the host bits so we get a pure network.
>>> IPNetwork('172.24.200', implicit_prefix=True, flags=NOHOST)
IPNetwork('172.24.0.0/16')
}}}
Negative testing
{{{
>>> IPNetwork('foo')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
netaddr.core.AddrFormatError: invalid IPNetwork foo
}}}
Netmasks
{{{
>>> IPAddress('1.1.1.1').netmask_bits()
32
>>> IPAddress('255.255.255.254').netmask_bits()
31
>>> IPAddress('255.255.255.0').netmask_bits()
24
>>> IPAddress('::').netmask_bits()
128
}}}

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=IP formatting options=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
}}}
==IPAddress representations==
{{{
>>> hex(IPAddress(0))
'0x0'
>>> hex(IPAddress(0xffffffff))
'0xffffffff'
>>> oct(IPAddress(0))
'0o0'
>>> oct(IPAddress(0xffffffff))
'0o37777777777'
}}}

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=IP Function Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
}}}
During a cidr merge operation, the address 0.0.0.0/0, representing the whole of the IPv4 address space, should swallow anything it is merged with.
{{{
>>> cidr_merge(['0.0.0.0/0', '0.0.0.0'])
[IPNetwork('0.0.0.0/0')]
>>> cidr_merge(['0.0.0.0/0', '255.255.255.255'])
[IPNetwork('0.0.0.0/0')]
>>> cidr_merge(['0.0.0.0/0', '192.0.2.0/24', '10.0.0.0/8'])
[IPNetwork('0.0.0.0/0')]
}}}
Same goes for the IPv6 CIDR ::/0, representing the whole of the IPv6 address space.
{{{
>>> cidr_merge(['::/0', 'fe80::1'])
[IPNetwork('::/0')]
>>> cidr_merge(['::/0', '::'])
[IPNetwork('::/0')]
>>> cidr_merge(['::/0', '::192.0.2.0/124', 'ff00::101'])
[IPNetwork('::/0')]
}}}
This also applies to mixed IPv4 and IPv6 address lists.
{{{
>>> cidr_merge(['0.0.0.0/0', '0.0.0.0', '::/0', '::'])
[IPNetwork('0.0.0.0/0'), IPNetwork('::/0')]
}}}

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=IP Glob Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
}}}
IP Glob tests.
{{{
>>> cidr_to_glob('10.0.0.1/32')
'10.0.0.1'
>>> cidr_to_glob('192.0.2.0/24')
'192.0.2.*'
>>> cidr_to_glob('172.16.0.0/12')
'172.16-31.*.*'
>>> cidr_to_glob('0.0.0.0/0')
'*.*.*.*'
>>> glob_to_cidrs('10.0.0.1')
[IPNetwork('10.0.0.1/32')]
>>> glob_to_cidrs('192.0.2.*')
[IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')]
>>> glob_to_cidrs('172.16-31.*.*')
[IPNetwork('172.16.0.0/12')]
>>> glob_to_cidrs('*.*.*.*')
[IPNetwork('0.0.0.0/0')]
>>> glob_to_iptuple('*.*.*.*')
(IPAddress('0.0.0.0'), IPAddress('255.255.255.255'))
>>> iprange_to_globs('192.0.2.0', '192.0.2.255')
['192.0.2.*']
>>> iprange_to_globs('192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.15')
['192.0.2.1-15']
>>> iprange_to_globs('192.0.2.255', '192.0.4.1')
['192.0.2.255', '192.0.3.*', '192.0.4.0-1']
>>> iprange_to_globs('10.0.1.255', '10.0.255.255')
['10.0.1.255', '10.0.2-3.*', '10.0.4-7.*', '10.0.8-15.*', '10.0.16-31.*', '10.0.32-63.*', '10.0.64-127.*', '10.0.128-255.*']
}}}
Validity tests.
{{{
>>> valid_glob('1.1.1.a')
False
>>> valid_glob('1.1.1.1/32')
False
>>> valid_glob('1.1.1.a-b')
False
>>> valid_glob('1.1.a-b.*')
False
}}}

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=IPRange Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
}}}
Constructor tests.
{{{
>>> iprange = IPRange('192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.254')
>>> iprange
IPRange('192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.254')
>>> '%s' % iprange
'192.0.2.1-192.0.2.254'
>>> IPRange('::ffff:192.0.2.1', '::ffff:192.0.2.254')
IPRange('::ffff:192.0.2.1', '::ffff:192.0.2.254')
>>> IPRange('192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.1')
IPRange('192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.1')
>>> IPRange('208.049.164.000', '208.050.066.255', flags=ZEROFILL)
IPRange('208.49.164.0', '208.50.66.255')
}}}
Bad constructor tests.
{{{
>>> IPRange('192.0.2.2', '192.0.2.1')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
netaddr.core.AddrFormatError: lower bound IP greater than upper bound!
>>> IPRange('::', '0.0.0.1')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
netaddr.core.AddrFormatError: base address '0.0.0.1' is not IPv6
>>> IPRange('0.0.0.0', '::1')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
netaddr.core.AddrFormatError: base address '::1' is not IPv4
}}}
Indexing and slicing tests.
{{{
>>> iprange = IPRange('192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.254')
>>> len(iprange)
254
>>> iprange.first == 3221225985
True
>>> iprange.last == 3221226238
True
>>> iprange[0]
IPAddress('192.0.2.1')
>>> iprange[-1]
IPAddress('192.0.2.254')
>>> iprange[512]
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: index out range for address range size!
>>> list(iprange[0:3])
[IPAddress('192.0.2.1'), IPAddress('192.0.2.2'), IPAddress('192.0.2.3')]
>>> list(iprange[0:10:2])
[IPAddress('192.0.2.1'), IPAddress('192.0.2.3'), IPAddress('192.0.2.5'), IPAddress('192.0.2.7'), IPAddress('192.0.2.9')]
>>> list(iprange[0:1024:512])
[IPAddress('192.0.2.1')]
>>> IPRange('::ffff:192.0.2.1', '::ffff:192.0.2.254')[0:10:2]
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: IPv6 slices are not supported!
}}}
Membership tests.
{{{
>>> IPRange('192.0.2.5', '192.0.2.10') in IPRange('192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.254')
True
>>> IPRange('fe80::1', 'fe80::fffe') in IPRange('fe80::', 'fe80::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff')
True
>>> IPRange('192.0.2.5', '192.0.2.10') in IPRange('::', '::255.255.255.255')
False
}}}
Sorting tests.
{{{
>>> ipranges = (IPRange('192.0.2.40', '192.0.2.50'), IPRange('192.0.2.20', '192.0.2.30'), IPRange('192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.254'),)
>>> sorted(ipranges)
[IPRange('192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.254'), IPRange('192.0.2.20', '192.0.2.30'), IPRange('192.0.2.40', '192.0.2.50')]
>>> ipranges = list(ipranges)
>>> ipranges.append(IPRange('192.0.2.45', '192.0.2.49'))
>>> sorted(ipranges)
[IPRange('192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.254'), IPRange('192.0.2.20', '192.0.2.30'), IPRange('192.0.2.40', '192.0.2.50'), IPRange('192.0.2.45', '192.0.2.49')]
}}}
CIDR interoperability tests.
{{{
>>> IPRange('192.0.2.5', '192.0.2.10').cidrs()
[IPNetwork('192.0.2.5/32'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.6/31'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.8/31'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.10/32')]
>>> IPRange('fe80::', 'fe80::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff').cidrs()
[IPNetwork('fe80::/64')]
}}}
Various additional tests.
{{{
>>> iprange.info
{'IPv4': [{'date': '1993-05',
'designation': 'Administered by ARIN',
'prefix': '192/8',
'status': 'Legacy',
'whois': 'whois.arin.net'}]}
>>> iprange.is_private()
True
>>> iprange.version
4
len() fails when the IPRange is longer than sys.maxint, which is quite likely with IPv6.
>>> from netaddr.compat import _sys_maxint
>>> r = IPRange(IPAddress("::0"), IPAddress(_sys_maxint, 6))
>>> len(r)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: range contains more than ...
>>> r = IPRange(IPAddress("::0"), IPAddress(_sys_maxint - 1, 6))
>>> len(r) == _sys_maxint
True
}}}

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=IP Matching Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
>>> largest_matching_cidr('192.0.2.0', ['192.0.2.0'])
IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/32')
>>> largest_matching_cidr('192.0.2.0', ['10.0.0.1', '192.0.2.0'])
IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/32')
>>> largest_matching_cidr('192.0.2.0', ['10.0.0.1', '192.0.2.0', '224.0.0.1'])
IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/32')
>>> smallest_matching_cidr('192.0.2.0', ['10.0.0.1', '192.0.2.0', '224.0.0.1'])
IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/32')
>>> smallest_matching_cidr('192.0.2.32', ['0.0.0.0/0', '10.0.0.0/8', '192.0.0.0/8', '192.0.1.0/24', '192.0.2.0/24', '192.0.3.0/24'])
IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
>>> all_matching_cidrs('192.0.2.32', ['0.0.0.0/0', '10.0.0.0/8', '192.0.0.0/8', '192.0.1.0/24', '192.0.2.0/24', '192.0.3.0/24'])
[IPNetwork('0.0.0.0/0'), IPNetwork('192.0.0.0/8'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')]
>>> smallest_matching_cidr('192.0.2.0', ['10.0.0.1', '224.0.0.1'])
>>> largest_matching_cidr('192.0.2.0', ['10.0.0.1', '224.0.0.1'])
>>> networks = [str(c) for c in IPNetwork('192.0.2.128/27').supernet(22)]
>>> networks
['192.0.0.0/22', '192.0.2.0/23', '192.0.2.0/24', '192.0.2.128/25', '192.0.2.128/26']
>>> all_matching_cidrs('192.0.2.0', networks)
[IPNetwork('192.0.0.0/22'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/23'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')]
>>> smallest_matching_cidr('192.0.2.0', networks)
IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
>>> largest_matching_cidr('192.0.2.0', networks)
IPNetwork('192.0.0.0/22')
}}}
Checking matches with varying IP address versions.
{{{
>>> all_matching_cidrs('192.0.2.0', ['192.0.2.0/24'])
[IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')]
>>> all_matching_cidrs('192.0.2.0', ['::/96'])
[]
>>> all_matching_cidrs('::ffff:192.0.2.1', ['::ffff:192.0.2.0/96'])
[IPNetwork('::ffff:192.0.2.0/96')]
>>> all_matching_cidrs('::192.0.2.1', ['::192.0.2.0/96'])
[IPNetwork('::192.0.2.0/96')]
>>> all_matching_cidrs('::192.0.2.1', ['192.0.2.0/23'])
[]
>>> all_matching_cidrs('::192.0.2.1', ['192.0.2.0/24', '::192.0.2.0/120'])
[IPNetwork('::192.0.2.0/120')]
>>> all_matching_cidrs('::192.0.2.1', [IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24'), IPNetwork('::192.0.2.0/120')])
[IPNetwork('::192.0.2.0/120')]
}}}

30
netaddr/tests/3.x/ip/multicast.txt Normal file
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=IP Multicast Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
>>> ip = IPAddress('239.192.0.1')
>>> ip.is_multicast()
True
>>> ip = IPAddress(3221225984)
>>> ip = IPAddress('224.0.1.173')
>>> ip.info.IPv4[0].designation
'Multicast'
>>> ip.info.IPv4[0].prefix
'224/8'
>>> ip.info.IPv4[0].status
'Reserved'
>>> ip.info.Multicast[0].address
'224.0.1.173'
}}}

118
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=nmap IP Range Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
}}}
nmap IP range validation.
{{{
>>> valid_nmap_range('192.0.2.1')
True
>>> valid_nmap_range('192.0.2.0-31')
True
>>> valid_nmap_range('192.0.2-3.1-254')
True
>>> valid_nmap_range('0-255.0-255.0-255.0-255')
True
>>> valid_nmap_range('192.168.3-5,7.1')
True
>>> valid_nmap_range('192.168.3-5,7,10-12,13,14.1')
True
>>> valid_nmap_range(1)
False
>>> valid_nmap_range('1')
False
>>> valid_nmap_range([])
False
>>> valid_nmap_range({})
False
>>> valid_nmap_range('::')
False
>>> valid_nmap_range('255.255.255.256')
False
>>> valid_nmap_range('0-255.0-255.0-255.0-256')
False
>>> valid_nmap_range('0-255.0-255.0-255.-1-0')
False
>>> valid_nmap_range('0-255.0-255.0-255.256-0')
False
>>> valid_nmap_range('0-255.0-255.0-255.255-0')
False
>>> valid_nmap_range('a.b.c.d-e')
False
>>> valid_nmap_range('255.255.255.a-b')
False
}}}
nmap IP range iteration.
{{{
>>> list(iter_nmap_range('192.0.2.1'))
[IPAddress('192.0.2.1')]
>>> ip_list = list(iter_nmap_range('192.0.2.0-31'))
>>> len(ip_list)
32
>>> ip_list
[IPAddress('192.0.2.0'), IPAddress('192.0.2.1'), IPAddress('192.0.2.2'), IPAddress('192.0.2.3'), IPAddress('192.0.2.4'), IPAddress('192.0.2.5'), IPAddress('192.0.2.6'), IPAddress('192.0.2.7'), IPAddress('192.0.2.8'), IPAddress('192.0.2.9'), IPAddress('192.0.2.10'), IPAddress('192.0.2.11'), IPAddress('192.0.2.12'), IPAddress('192.0.2.13'), IPAddress('192.0.2.14'), IPAddress('192.0.2.15'), IPAddress('192.0.2.16'), IPAddress('192.0.2.17'), IPAddress('192.0.2.18'), IPAddress('192.0.2.19'), IPAddress('192.0.2.20'), IPAddress('192.0.2.21'), IPAddress('192.0.2.22'), IPAddress('192.0.2.23'), IPAddress('192.0.2.24'), IPAddress('192.0.2.25'), IPAddress('192.0.2.26'), IPAddress('192.0.2.27'), IPAddress('192.0.2.28'), IPAddress('192.0.2.29'), IPAddress('192.0.2.30'), IPAddress('192.0.2.31')]
>>> ip_list = list(iter_nmap_range('192.0.2-3.1-7'))
>>> len(ip_list)
14
>>> list(iter_nmap_range('192.0.2.1-3,5,7-9'))
[IPAddress('192.0.2.1'), IPAddress('192.0.2.2'), IPAddress('192.0.2.3'), IPAddress('192.0.2.5'), IPAddress('192.0.2.7'), IPAddress('192.0.2.8'), IPAddress('192.0.2.9')]
>>> for ip in ip_list:
... print(ip)
...
192.0.2.1
192.0.2.2
192.0.2.3
192.0.2.4
192.0.2.5
192.0.2.6
192.0.2.7
192.0.3.1
192.0.3.2
192.0.3.3
192.0.3.4
192.0.3.5
192.0.3.6
192.0.3.7
>>> list(iter_nmap_range('::'))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
netaddr.core.AddrFormatError: invalid nmap range: ::
Remove duplicates, just like nmap does.
>>> list(iter_nmap_range('10.0.0.42,42-42'))
[IPAddress('10.0.0.42')]
}}}

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=IP Persistence Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
>>> import pickle
}}}
IPAddress object pickling - IPv4.
{{{
>>> ip = IPAddress(3221225985)
>>> ip
IPAddress('192.0.2.1')
>>> buf = pickle.dumps(ip)
>>> ip2 = pickle.loads(buf)
>>> ip2 == ip
True
>>> id(ip2) != id(ip)
True
>>> ip2.value == 3221225985
True
>>> ip2.version
4
>>> del ip, buf, ip2
}}}
IPAddress object pickling - IPv6.
{{{
>>> ip = IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.1')
>>> ip
IPAddress('::ffff:192.0.2.1')
>>> ip.value == 281473902969345
True
>>> buf = pickle.dumps(ip)
>>> ip2 = pickle.loads(buf)
>>> ip2 == ip
True
>>> ip2.value == 281473902969345
True
>>> ip2.version
6
>>> del ip, buf, ip2
}}}
IPNetwork pickling - IPv4.
{{{
>>> cidr = IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
>>> cidr
IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')
>>> buf = pickle.dumps(cidr)
>>> cidr2 = pickle.loads(buf)
>>> cidr2 == cidr
True
>>> id(cidr2) != id(cidr)
True
>>> cidr2.value == 3221225984
True
>>> cidr2.prefixlen
24
>>> cidr2.version
4
>>> del cidr, buf, cidr2
}}}
IPNetwork object pickling - IPv6.
{{{
>>> cidr = IPNetwork('::ffff:192.0.2.0/120')
>>> cidr
IPNetwork('::ffff:192.0.2.0/120')
>>> cidr.value == 281473902969344
True
>>> cidr.prefixlen
120
>>> buf = pickle.dumps(cidr)
>>> cidr2 = pickle.loads(buf)
>>> cidr2 == cidr
True
>>> cidr2.value == 281473902969344
True
>>> cidr2.prefixlen
120
>>> cidr2.version
6
>>> del cidr, buf, cidr2
}}}
}}}
IPRange object pickling - IPv4.
{{{
>>> iprange = IPRange('192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.254')
>>> iprange
IPRange('192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.254')
>>> iprange.first == 3221225985
True
>>> iprange.last == 3221226238
True
>>> iprange.version
4
>>> buf = pickle.dumps(iprange)
>>> iprange2 = pickle.loads(buf)
>>> iprange2 == iprange
True
>>> id(iprange2) != id(iprange)
True
>>> iprange2.first == 3221225985
True
>>> iprange2.last == 3221226238
True
>>> iprange2.version
4
>>> del iprange, buf, iprange2
}}}
IPRange object pickling - IPv6.
{{{
>>> iprange = IPRange('::ffff:192.0.2.1', '::ffff:192.0.2.254')
>>> iprange
IPRange('::ffff:192.0.2.1', '::ffff:192.0.2.254')
>>> iprange.first == 281473902969345
True
>>> iprange.last == 281473902969598
True
>>> iprange.version
6
>>> buf = pickle.dumps(iprange)
>>> iprange2 = pickle.loads(buf)
>>> iprange2 == iprange
True
>>> iprange2.first == 281473902969345
True
>>> iprange2.last == 281473902969598
True
>>> iprange2.version
6
>>> del iprange, buf, iprange2
}}}

90
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=Mac OSX Specific Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
}}}
Worst case IPv4 compatible IPv6 range to CIDR.
{{{
>>> for ip in iprange_to_cidrs('::1', '::255.255.255.254'):
... ip
...
IPNetwork('::1/128')
IPNetwork('::0.0.0.2/127')
IPNetwork('::0.0.0.4/126')
IPNetwork('::0.0.0.8/125')
IPNetwork('::0.0.0.16/124')
IPNetwork('::0.0.0.32/123')
IPNetwork('::0.0.0.64/122')
IPNetwork('::0.0.0.128/121')
IPNetwork('::0.0.1.0/120')
IPNetwork('::0.0.2.0/119')
IPNetwork('::0.0.4.0/118')
IPNetwork('::0.0.8.0/117')
IPNetwork('::0.0.16.0/116')
IPNetwork('::0.0.32.0/115')
IPNetwork('::0.0.64.0/114')
IPNetwork('::0.0.128.0/113')
IPNetwork('::0.1.0.0/112')
IPNetwork('::0.2.0.0/111')
IPNetwork('::0.4.0.0/110')
IPNetwork('::0.8.0.0/109')
IPNetwork('::0.16.0.0/108')
IPNetwork('::0.32.0.0/107')
IPNetwork('::0.64.0.0/106')
IPNetwork('::0.128.0.0/105')
IPNetwork('::1.0.0.0/104')
IPNetwork('::2.0.0.0/103')
IPNetwork('::4.0.0.0/102')
IPNetwork('::8.0.0.0/101')
IPNetwork('::16.0.0.0/100')
IPNetwork('::32.0.0.0/99')
IPNetwork('::64.0.0.0/98')
IPNetwork('::128.0.0.0/98')
IPNetwork('::192.0.0.0/99')
IPNetwork('::224.0.0.0/100')
IPNetwork('::240.0.0.0/101')
IPNetwork('::248.0.0.0/102')
IPNetwork('::252.0.0.0/103')
IPNetwork('::254.0.0.0/104')
IPNetwork('::255.0.0.0/105')
IPNetwork('::255.128.0.0/106')
IPNetwork('::255.192.0.0/107')
IPNetwork('::255.224.0.0/108')
IPNetwork('::255.240.0.0/109')
IPNetwork('::255.248.0.0/110')
IPNetwork('::255.252.0.0/111')
IPNetwork('::255.254.0.0/112')
IPNetwork('::255.255.0.0/113')
IPNetwork('::255.255.128.0/114')
IPNetwork('::255.255.192.0/115')
IPNetwork('::255.255.224.0/116')
IPNetwork('::255.255.240.0/117')
IPNetwork('::255.255.248.0/118')
IPNetwork('::255.255.252.0/119')
IPNetwork('::255.255.254.0/120')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.0/121')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.128/122')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.192/123')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.224/124')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.240/125')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.248/126')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.252/127')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.254/128')
# inet_pton has to be different on Mac OSX *sigh*
>>> IPAddress('010.000.000.001', flags=INET_PTON)
IPAddress('10.0.0.1')
>>> from netaddr.strategy.ipv6 import int_to_str
>>> int_to_str(0xffff)
'::0.0.255.255'
}}}

94
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=Linux Specific Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
}}}
Worst case IPv4 compatible IPv6 range to CIDR.
{{{
>>> for ip in iprange_to_cidrs('::1', '::255.255.255.254'):
... ip
...
IPNetwork('::1/128')
IPNetwork('::2/127')
IPNetwork('::4/126')
IPNetwork('::8/125')
IPNetwork('::10/124')
IPNetwork('::20/123')
IPNetwork('::40/122')
IPNetwork('::80/121')
IPNetwork('::100/120')
IPNetwork('::200/119')
IPNetwork('::400/118')
IPNetwork('::800/117')
IPNetwork('::1000/116')
IPNetwork('::2000/115')
IPNetwork('::4000/114')
IPNetwork('::8000/113')
IPNetwork('::0.1.0.0/112')
IPNetwork('::0.2.0.0/111')
IPNetwork('::0.4.0.0/110')
IPNetwork('::0.8.0.0/109')
IPNetwork('::0.16.0.0/108')
IPNetwork('::0.32.0.0/107')
IPNetwork('::0.64.0.0/106')
IPNetwork('::0.128.0.0/105')
IPNetwork('::1.0.0.0/104')
IPNetwork('::2.0.0.0/103')
IPNetwork('::4.0.0.0/102')
IPNetwork('::8.0.0.0/101')
IPNetwork('::16.0.0.0/100')
IPNetwork('::32.0.0.0/99')
IPNetwork('::64.0.0.0/98')
IPNetwork('::128.0.0.0/98')
IPNetwork('::192.0.0.0/99')
IPNetwork('::224.0.0.0/100')
IPNetwork('::240.0.0.0/101')
IPNetwork('::248.0.0.0/102')
IPNetwork('::252.0.0.0/103')
IPNetwork('::254.0.0.0/104')
IPNetwork('::255.0.0.0/105')
IPNetwork('::255.128.0.0/106')
IPNetwork('::255.192.0.0/107')
IPNetwork('::255.224.0.0/108')
IPNetwork('::255.240.0.0/109')
IPNetwork('::255.248.0.0/110')
IPNetwork('::255.252.0.0/111')
IPNetwork('::255.254.0.0/112')
IPNetwork('::255.255.0.0/113')
IPNetwork('::255.255.128.0/114')
IPNetwork('::255.255.192.0/115')
IPNetwork('::255.255.224.0/116')
IPNetwork('::255.255.240.0/117')
IPNetwork('::255.255.248.0/118')
IPNetwork('::255.255.252.0/119')
IPNetwork('::255.255.254.0/120')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.0/121')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.128/122')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.192/123')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.224/124')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.240/125')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.248/126')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.252/127')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.254/128')
# Sadly, inet_pton cannot help us here ...
>>> IPAddress('010.000.000.001', flags=INET_PTON)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
netaddr.core.AddrFormatError: failed to detect a valid IP address from '010.000.000.001'
>>> from netaddr.strategy.ipv6 import int_to_str
>>> int_to_str(0xffff)
'::ffff'
}}}

92
netaddr/tests/3.x/ip/platform_win32.txt Normal file
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=Windows Specific Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
}}}
Worst case IPv4 compatible IPv6 range to CIDR.
{{{
>>> for ip in iprange_to_cidrs('::1', '::255.255.255.254'):
... ip
...
IPNetwork('::1/128')
IPNetwork('::2/127')
IPNetwork('::4/126')
IPNetwork('::8/125')
IPNetwork('::10/124')
IPNetwork('::20/123')
IPNetwork('::40/122')
IPNetwork('::80/121')
IPNetwork('::100/120')
IPNetwork('::200/119')
IPNetwork('::400/118')
IPNetwork('::800/117')
IPNetwork('::1000/116')
IPNetwork('::2000/115')
IPNetwork('::4000/114')
IPNetwork('::8000/113')
IPNetwork('::0.1.0.0/112')
IPNetwork('::0.2.0.0/111')
IPNetwork('::0.4.0.0/110')
IPNetwork('::0.8.0.0/109')
IPNetwork('::0.16.0.0/108')
IPNetwork('::0.32.0.0/107')
IPNetwork('::0.64.0.0/106')
IPNetwork('::0.128.0.0/105')
IPNetwork('::1.0.0.0/104')
IPNetwork('::2.0.0.0/103')
IPNetwork('::4.0.0.0/102')
IPNetwork('::8.0.0.0/101')
IPNetwork('::16.0.0.0/100')
IPNetwork('::32.0.0.0/99')
IPNetwork('::64.0.0.0/98')
IPNetwork('::128.0.0.0/98')
IPNetwork('::192.0.0.0/99')
IPNetwork('::224.0.0.0/100')
IPNetwork('::240.0.0.0/101')
IPNetwork('::248.0.0.0/102')
IPNetwork('::252.0.0.0/103')
IPNetwork('::254.0.0.0/104')
IPNetwork('::255.0.0.0/105')
IPNetwork('::255.128.0.0/106')
IPNetwork('::255.192.0.0/107')
IPNetwork('::255.224.0.0/108')
IPNetwork('::255.240.0.0/109')
IPNetwork('::255.248.0.0/110')
IPNetwork('::255.252.0.0/111')
IPNetwork('::255.254.0.0/112')
IPNetwork('::255.255.0.0/113')
IPNetwork('::255.255.128.0/114')
IPNetwork('::255.255.192.0/115')
IPNetwork('::255.255.224.0/116')
IPNetwork('::255.255.240.0/117')
IPNetwork('::255.255.248.0/118')
IPNetwork('::255.255.252.0/119')
IPNetwork('::255.255.254.0/120')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.0/121')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.128/122')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.192/123')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.224/124')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.240/125')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.248/126')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.252/127')
IPNetwork('::255.255.255.254/128')
# Sadly, inet_pton cannot help us here ...
>>> IPAddress('010.000.000.001', flags=INET_PTON)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
netaddr.core.AddrFormatError: failed to detect a valid IP address from '010.000.000.001'
>>> from netaddr.strategy.ipv6 import int_to_str
>>> int_to_str(0xffff)
'::ffff'
}}}

33
netaddr/tests/3.x/ip/rfc1924.txt Normal file
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=RFC 1924 Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
The example from the RFC.
{{{
>>> from netaddr.ip.rfc1924 import ipv6_to_base85, base85_to_ipv6
>>> ip_addr = '1080::8:800:200c:417a'
>>> ip_addr
'1080::8:800:200c:417a'
>>> base85 = ipv6_to_base85(ip_addr)
>>> base85
'4)+k&C#VzJ4br>0wv%Yp'
RFC specifies that "leading zeroes are never omitted"
>>> ipv6_to_base85("::1")
'00000000000000000001'
>>> base85_to_ipv6(base85)
'1080::8:800:200c:417a'
Invalid length for a base85 encoded IPv6 address
>>> base85_to_ipv6('not 20 chars')
Traceback (most recent call last):
netaddr.core.AddrFormatError: Invalid base 85 IPv6 address: 'not 20 chars'
}}}

695
netaddr/tests/3.x/ip/sets.txt Normal file
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=IPSet Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
}}}
Basic operations.
{{{
>>> IPSet()
IPSet([])
>>> IPSet([])
IPSet([])
>>> len(IPSet([]))
0
len() fails when the IPSet is longer than sys.maxint, which is most likely with IPv6.
>>> from netaddr.compat import _sys_maxint
>>> s = IPSet(IPRange(IPAddress("::0"), IPAddress(_sys_maxint, 6)))
>>> len(s)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
...
IndexError: range contains more than ...
>>> s = IPSet(IPRange(IPAddress("::0"), IPAddress(_sys_maxint - 1, 6)))
>>> len(s) == _sys_maxint
True
IPSets must be usable in boolean context, even when they are very large.
>>> s6 = IPSet(['2405:8100::/32'])
>>> bool(s6)
True
>>> bool(IPSet())
False
>>> IPSet(['192.0.2.0'])
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32'])
>>> IPSet([IPAddress('192.0.2.0')])
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32'])
>>> IPSet([IPNetwork('192.0.2.0')])
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32'])
>>> IPSet(IPNetwork('1234::/32'))
IPSet(['1234::/32'])
>>> IPSet([IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24')])
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/24'])
>>> IPSet(IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32']))
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32'])
>>> IPSet(IPRange("10.0.0.0", "10.0.1.31"))
IPSet(['10.0.0.0/24', '10.0.1.0/27'])
>>> IPSet(IPRange('0.0.0.0', '255.255.255.255'))
IPSet(['0.0.0.0/0'])
>>> for ip in IPSet(['192.0.2.0/28', '::192.0.2.0/124']):
... print(ip)
192.0.2.0
192.0.2.1
192.0.2.2
192.0.2.3
192.0.2.4
192.0.2.5
192.0.2.6
192.0.2.7
192.0.2.8
192.0.2.9
192.0.2.10
192.0.2.11
192.0.2.12
192.0.2.13
192.0.2.14
192.0.2.15
::192.0.2.0
::192.0.2.1
::192.0.2.2
::192.0.2.3
::192.0.2.4
::192.0.2.5
::192.0.2.6
::192.0.2.7
::192.0.2.8
::192.0.2.9
::192.0.2.10
::192.0.2.11
::192.0.2.12
::192.0.2.13
::192.0.2.14
::192.0.2.15
}}}
Adding and removing elements.
{{{
>>> s1 = IPSet()
>>> s1.add('192.0.2.0')
>>> s1
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32'])
>>> s1.remove('192.0.2.0')
>>> s1
IPSet([])
>>> s1.remove('192.0.2.0')
>>> s1
IPSet([])
>>> s1.add(IPRange("10.0.0.0", "10.0.0.255"))
>>> s1
IPSet(['10.0.0.0/24'])
>>> s1.remove(IPRange("10.0.0.128", "10.10.10.10"))
>>> s1
IPSet(['10.0.0.0/25'])
This hits a special case in IPSet._compact_single_network()
>>> s1.add('10.0.0.0/24')
>>> s1
IPSet(['10.0.0.0/24'])
Various places must also accept integers.
>>> integer1 = int(IPAddress('10.0.0.1'))
>>> integer2 = int(IPAddress('fe80::'))
>>> integer3 = int(IPAddress('10.0.0.2'))
>>> s2 = IPSet([integer1, integer2])
>>> s2
IPSet(['10.0.0.1/32', 'fe80::/128'])
>>> s2.add(integer3)
>>> s2
IPSet(['10.0.0.1/32', '10.0.0.2/32', 'fe80::/128'])
>>> s2.remove(integer2)
>>> s2
IPSet(['10.0.0.1/32', '10.0.0.2/32'])
>>> s2.update([integer2])
>>> s2
IPSet(['10.0.0.1/32', '10.0.0.2/32', 'fe80::/128'])
}}}
Set membership.
{{{
>>> iprange = IPRange('192.0.1.255', '192.0.2.16')
>>> iprange.cidrs()
[IPNetwork('192.0.1.255/32'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/28'), IPNetwork('192.0.2.16/32')]
>>> ipset = IPSet(['192.0.2.0/28'])
>>> for ip in iprange:
... print(ip, ip in ipset)
192.0.1.255 False
192.0.2.0 True
192.0.2.1 True
192.0.2.2 True
192.0.2.3 True
192.0.2.4 True
192.0.2.5 True
192.0.2.6 True
192.0.2.7 True
192.0.2.8 True
192.0.2.9 True
192.0.2.10 True
192.0.2.11 True
192.0.2.12 True
192.0.2.13 True
192.0.2.14 True
192.0.2.15 True
192.0.2.16 False
>>> bigone = IPSet(['0.0.0.0/0'])
>>> IPAddress("10.0.0.1") in bigone
True
>>> IPAddress("0.0.0.0") in bigone
True
>>> IPAddress("255.255.255") in bigone
True
>>> IPNetwork("10.0.0.0/24") in bigone
True
>>> IPAddress("::1") in bigone
False
>>> smallone = IPSet(["10.0.0.42/32"])
>>> IPAddress("10.0.0.42") in smallone
True
>>> IPAddress("10.0.0.41") in smallone
False
>>> IPAddress("10.0.0.43") in smallone
False
>>> IPNetwork("10.0.0.42/32") in smallone
True
>>> IPNetwork("10.0.0.42/31") in smallone
False
}}}
Set union.
{{{
>>> IPSet(['192.0.2.0'])
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32'])
>>> IPSet(['192.0.2.0']) | IPSet(['192.0.2.1'])
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/31'])
>>> IPSet(['192.0.2.0']) | IPSet(['192.0.2.1']) | IPSet(['192.0.2.3'])
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/31', '192.0.2.3/32'])
>>> IPSet(['192.0.2.0']) | IPSet(['192.0.2.1']) | IPSet(['192.0.2.3/30'])
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/30'])
>>> IPSet(['192.0.2.0']) | IPSet(['192.0.2.1']) | IPSet(['192.0.2.3/31'])
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/30'])
>>> IPSet(['192.0.2.0/24']) | IPSet(['192.0.3.0/24']) | IPSet(['192.0.4.0/24'])
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/23', '192.0.4.0/24'])
}}}
A joined up example of the union, intersection and symmetric difference operations.
{{{
>>> adj_cidrs = list(IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24').subnet(28))
>>> even_cidrs = adj_cidrs[::2]
>>> evens = IPSet(even_cidrs)
>>> evens
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/28', '192.0.2.32/28', '192.0.2.64/28', '192.0.2.96/28', '192.0.2.128/28', '192.0.2.160/28', '192.0.2.192/28', '192.0.2.224/28'])
>>> IPSet(['192.0.2.0/24']) & evens
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/28', '192.0.2.32/28', '192.0.2.64/28', '192.0.2.96/28', '192.0.2.128/28', '192.0.2.160/28', '192.0.2.192/28', '192.0.2.224/28'])
>>> odds = IPSet(['192.0.2.0/24']) ^ evens
>>> odds
IPSet(['192.0.2.16/28', '192.0.2.48/28', '192.0.2.80/28', '192.0.2.112/28', '192.0.2.144/28', '192.0.2.176/28', '192.0.2.208/28', '192.0.2.240/28'])
>>> evens | odds
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/24'])
>>> evens & odds
IPSet([])
>>> evens ^ odds
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/24'])
}}}
Superset and subset tests.
{{{
>>> s1 = IPSet(['192.0.2.0/24', '192.0.4.0/24'])
>>> s2 = IPSet(['192.0.2.0', '192.0.4.0'])
>>> s1
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/24', '192.0.4.0/24'])
>>> s2
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32', '192.0.4.0/32'])
>>> s1.issuperset(s2)
True
>>> s2.issubset(s1)
True
>>> s2.issuperset(s1)
False
>>> s1.issubset(s2)
False
}}}
{{{
>>> ipv4_addr_space = IPSet(['0.0.0.0/0'])
>>> private = IPSet(['10.0.0.0/8', '172.16.0.0/12', '192.0.2.0/24', '192.168.0.0/16', '239.192.0.0/14'])
>>> reserved = IPSet(['225.0.0.0/8', '226.0.0.0/7', '228.0.0.0/6', '234.0.0.0/7', '236.0.0.0/7', '238.0.0.0/8', '240.0.0.0/4'])
>>> unavailable = reserved | private
>>> available = ipv4_addr_space ^ unavailable
>>> for cidr in available.iter_cidrs():
... print(cidr, cidr[0], cidr[-1])
0.0.0.0/5 0.0.0.0 7.255.255.255
8.0.0.0/7 8.0.0.0 9.255.255.255
11.0.0.0/8 11.0.0.0 11.255.255.255
12.0.0.0/6 12.0.0.0 15.255.255.255
16.0.0.0/4 16.0.0.0 31.255.255.255
32.0.0.0/3 32.0.0.0 63.255.255.255
64.0.0.0/2 64.0.0.0 127.255.255.255
128.0.0.0/3 128.0.0.0 159.255.255.255
160.0.0.0/5 160.0.0.0 167.255.255.255
168.0.0.0/6 168.0.0.0 171.255.255.255
172.0.0.0/12 172.0.0.0 172.15.255.255
172.32.0.0/11 172.32.0.0 172.63.255.255
172.64.0.0/10 172.64.0.0 172.127.255.255
172.128.0.0/9 172.128.0.0 172.255.255.255
173.0.0.0/8 173.0.0.0 173.255.255.255
174.0.0.0/7 174.0.0.0 175.255.255.255
176.0.0.0/4 176.0.0.0 191.255.255.255
192.0.0.0/23 192.0.0.0 192.0.1.255
192.0.3.0/24 192.0.3.0 192.0.3.255
192.0.4.0/22 192.0.4.0 192.0.7.255
192.0.8.0/21 192.0.8.0 192.0.15.255
192.0.16.0/20 192.0.16.0 192.0.31.255
192.0.32.0/19 192.0.32.0 192.0.63.255
192.0.64.0/18 192.0.64.0 192.0.127.255
192.0.128.0/17 192.0.128.0 192.0.255.255
192.1.0.0/16 192.1.0.0 192.1.255.255
192.2.0.0/15 192.2.0.0 192.3.255.255
192.4.0.0/14 192.4.0.0 192.7.255.255
192.8.0.0/13 192.8.0.0 192.15.255.255
192.16.0.0/12 192.16.0.0 192.31.255.255
192.32.0.0/11 192.32.0.0 192.63.255.255
192.64.0.0/10 192.64.0.0 192.127.255.255
192.128.0.0/11 192.128.0.0 192.159.255.255
192.160.0.0/13 192.160.0.0 192.167.255.255
192.169.0.0/16 192.169.0.0 192.169.255.255
192.170.0.0/15 192.170.0.0 192.171.255.255
192.172.0.0/14 192.172.0.0 192.175.255.255
192.176.0.0/12 192.176.0.0 192.191.255.255
192.192.0.0/10 192.192.0.0 192.255.255.255
193.0.0.0/8 193.0.0.0 193.255.255.255
194.0.0.0/7 194.0.0.0 195.255.255.255
196.0.0.0/6 196.0.0.0 199.255.255.255
200.0.0.0/5 200.0.0.0 207.255.255.255
208.0.0.0/4 208.0.0.0 223.255.255.255
224.0.0.0/8 224.0.0.0 224.255.255.255
232.0.0.0/7 232.0.0.0 233.255.255.255
239.0.0.0/9 239.0.0.0 239.127.255.255
239.128.0.0/10 239.128.0.0 239.191.255.255
239.196.0.0/14 239.196.0.0 239.199.255.255
239.200.0.0/13 239.200.0.0 239.207.255.255
239.208.0.0/12 239.208.0.0 239.223.255.255
239.224.0.0/11 239.224.0.0 239.255.255.255
>>> ipv4_addr_space ^ available
IPSet(['10.0.0.0/8', '172.16.0.0/12', '192.0.2.0/24', '192.168.0.0/16', '225.0.0.0/8', '226.0.0.0/7', '228.0.0.0/6', '234.0.0.0/7', '236.0.0.0/7', '238.0.0.0/8', '239.192.0.0/14', '240.0.0.0/4'])
}}}
==Tests on combined IPv4 and IPv6 sets==
{{{
>>> s1 = IPSet(['192.0.2.0', '::192.0.2.0', '192.0.2.2', '::192.0.2.2'])
>>> s2 = IPSet(['192.0.2.2', '::192.0.2.2', '192.0.2.4', '::192.0.2.4'])
IPSets with IPNetworks that need to be merged or split (sometimes multiple times) during various set operations.
IPNetwork('10.0.0.64/30') is the same as IPRange('10.0.0.64', '10.0.0.67')
>>> s3 = IPSet(['0.0.0.1', '10.0.0.64/30', '255.255.255.1'])
>>> s4 = IPSet(['10.0.0.64', '10.0.0.66'])
>>> s4b = IPSet(['10.0.0.64', '10.0.0.66', '111.111.111.111'])
>>> s5 = IPSet(['10.0.0.65', '10.0.0.67'])
>>> s1
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32', '192.0.2.2/32', '::192.0.2.0/128', '::192.0.2.2/128'])
>>> s2
IPSet(['192.0.2.2/32', '192.0.2.4/32', '::192.0.2.2/128', '::192.0.2.4/128'])
}}}
Set union.
{{{
>>> s1 | s2
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32', '192.0.2.2/32', '192.0.2.4/32', '::192.0.2.0/128', '::192.0.2.2/128', '::192.0.2.4/128'])
>>> s2 | s1
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32', '192.0.2.2/32', '192.0.2.4/32', '::192.0.2.0/128', '::192.0.2.2/128', '::192.0.2.4/128'])
}}}
Set intersection.
{{{
>>> s1 & s2
IPSet(['192.0.2.2/32', '::192.0.2.2/128'])
>>> s2 & s1
IPSet(['192.0.2.2/32', '::192.0.2.2/128'])
>>> s3 & s4
IPSet(['10.0.0.64/32', '10.0.0.66/32'])
>>> s4 & s3
IPSet(['10.0.0.64/32', '10.0.0.66/32'])
>>> s3 & s5
IPSet(['10.0.0.65/32', '10.0.0.67/32'])
>>> s5 & s3
IPSet(['10.0.0.65/32', '10.0.0.67/32'])
}}}
Set difference.
{{{
>>> s1 - s2
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32', '::192.0.2.0/128'])
>>> s2 - s1
IPSet(['192.0.2.4/32', '::192.0.2.4/128'])
>>> s3 - s4
IPSet(['0.0.0.1/32', '10.0.0.65/32', '10.0.0.67/32', '255.255.255.1/32'])
>>> s4 - s3
IPSet([])
>>> s3 - s4b
IPSet(['0.0.0.1/32', '10.0.0.65/32', '10.0.0.67/32', '255.255.255.1/32'])
>>> s3 - s5
IPSet(['0.0.0.1/32', '10.0.0.64/32', '10.0.0.66/32', '255.255.255.1/32'])
>>> s5 - s3
IPSet([])
}}}
Symmetric set difference.
{{{
>>> s1 ^ s2
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32', '192.0.2.4/32', '::192.0.2.0/128', '::192.0.2.4/128'])
>>> s2 ^ s1
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/32', '192.0.2.4/32', '::192.0.2.0/128', '::192.0.2.4/128'])
>>> IPSet([]) ^ IPSet([])
IPSet([])
>>> IPSet(['0.0.0.1/32']) ^ IPSet([])
IPSet(['0.0.0.1/32'])
>>> IPSet(['0.0.0.1/32']) ^ IPSet(['0.0.0.1/32'])
IPSet([])
>>> s3 ^ s4
IPSet(['0.0.0.1/32', '10.0.0.65/32', '10.0.0.67/32', '255.255.255.1/32'])
>>> s4 ^ s3
IPSet(['0.0.0.1/32', '10.0.0.65/32', '10.0.0.67/32', '255.255.255.1/32'])
>>> s3 ^ s4b
IPSet(['0.0.0.1/32', '10.0.0.65/32', '10.0.0.67/32', '111.111.111.111/32', '255.255.255.1/32'])
>>> s3 ^ s5
IPSet(['0.0.0.1/32', '10.0.0.64/32', '10.0.0.66/32', '255.255.255.1/32'])
>>> s5 ^ s3
IPSet(['0.0.0.1/32', '10.0.0.64/32', '10.0.0.66/32', '255.255.255.1/32'])
}}}
Disjointed sets.
{{{
>>> s1 = IPSet(['192.0.2.0', '192.0.2.1', '192.0.2.2'])
>>> s2 = IPSet(['192.0.2.2', '192.0.2.3', '192.0.2.4'])
>>> s1 & s2
IPSet(['192.0.2.2/32'])
>>> s1.isdisjoint(s2)
False
>>> s1 = IPSet(['192.0.2.0', '192.0.2.1'])
>>> s2 = IPSet(['192.0.2.3', '192.0.2.4'])
>>> s1 & s2
IPSet([])
>>> s1.isdisjoint(s2)
True
}}}
Updating a set.
{{{
>>> s1 = IPSet(['192.0.2.0/25'])
>>> s1
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/25'])
>>> s2 = IPSet(['192.0.2.128/25'])
>>> s2
IPSet(['192.0.2.128/25'])
>>> s1.update(s2)
>>> s1
IPSet(['192.0.2.0/24'])
>>> s1.update(['192.0.0.0/24', '192.0.1.0/24', '192.0.3.0/24'])
>>> s1
IPSet(['192.0.0.0/22'])
>>> s2 = IPSet(['10.0.0.0/16'])
>>> s2.update(IPRange('10.1.0.0', '10.1.255.255'))
>>> s2
IPSet(['10.0.0.0/15'])
>>> s2.clear()
>>> s2
IPSet([])
}}}
Removing IP addresses from an IPSet.
{{{
>>> s1 = IPSet(['0.0.0.0/0'])
>>> s1
IPSet(['0.0.0.0/0'])
>>> s1.remove('255.255.255.255')
>>> s1
IPSet(['0.0.0.0/1', '128.0.0.0/2', ..., '255.255.255.252/31', '255.255.255.254/32'])
>>> list(s1.iter_cidrs())
[IPNetwork('0.0.0.0/1'), IPNetwork('128.0.0.0/2'), ..., IPNetwork('255.255.255.252/31'), IPNetwork('255.255.255.254/32')]
>>> len(list(s1.iter_cidrs()))
32
>>> list(s1.iter_cidrs()) == cidr_exclude('0.0.0.0/0', '255.255.255.255')
True
>>> s1.remove('0.0.0.0')
>>> s1
IPSet(['0.0.0.1/32', '0.0.0.2/31', ..., '255.255.255.252/31', '255.255.255.254/32'])
>>> len(list(s1.iter_cidrs()))
62
}}}
Adding IP address to an IPSet.
{{{
>>> s1.add('255.255.255.255')
>>> s1
IPSet(['0.0.0.1/32', '0.0.0.2/31', ..., '64.0.0.0/2', '128.0.0.0/1'])
>>> list(s1.iter_cidrs())
[IPNetwork('0.0.0.1/32'), IPNetwork('0.0.0.2/31'), ..., IPNetwork('64.0.0.0/2'), IPNetwork('128.0.0.0/1')]
>>> len(list(s1.iter_cidrs()))
32
>>> s1.add('0.0.0.0')
>>> s1
IPSet(['0.0.0.0/0'])
}}}
Converting an IP set to an IP range
{{{
>>> s1 = IPSet(['10.0.0.0/25', '10.0.0.128/25'])
>>> s1.iprange()
IPRange('10.0.0.0', '10.0.0.255')
>>> s1.iscontiguous()
True
>>> s1.remove('10.0.0.16')
>>> s1
IPSet(['10.0.0.0/28', '10.0.0.17/32', '10.0.0.18/31', '10.0.0.20/30', '10.0.0.24/29', '10.0.0.32/27', '10.0.0.64/26', '10.0.0.128/25'])
>>> s1.iscontiguous()
False
>>> s1.iprange()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: IPSet is not contiguous
>>> list(s1.iter_ipranges())
[IPRange('10.0.0.0', '10.0.0.15'), IPRange('10.0.0.17', '10.0.0.255')]
>>> list(IPSet().iter_ipranges())
[]
>>> list(IPSet([IPAddress('10.0.0.1')]).iter_ipranges())
[IPRange('10.0.0.1', '10.0.0.1')]
Adjacent, non-mergable CIDRs must be merged by iter_ipranges().
>>> list(IPSet([IPAddress('10.0.0.1'), IPAddress('10.0.0.2')]).iter_ipranges())
[IPRange('10.0.0.1', '10.0.0.2')]
IPv4 and IPv6 addresses must not be merged.
>>> list(IPSet([IPAddress(1, 4), IPAddress(1, 6)]).iter_ipranges())
[IPRange('0.0.0.1', '0.0.0.1'), IPRange('::1', '::1')]
>>> s2 = IPSet(['0.0.0.0/0'])
>>> s2.iscontiguous()
True
>>> s2.iprange()
IPRange('0.0.0.0', '255.255.255.255')
>>> s3 = IPSet()
>>> s3.iscontiguous()
True
>>> s3.iprange()
>>> s4 = IPSet(IPRange('10.0.0.0', '10.0.0.8'))
>>> s4.iscontiguous()
True
}}}
Pickling of IPSet objects
{{{
>>> import pickle
>>> ip_data = IPSet(['10.0.0.0/16', 'fe80::/64'])
>>> buf = pickle.dumps(ip_data)
>>> ip_data_unpickled = pickle.loads(buf)
>>> ip_data == ip_data_unpickled
True
}}}
Compare IPSet objects
{{{
>>> x = IPSet(['fc00::/2'])
>>> y = IPSet(['fc00::/3'])
>>> x > y
True
>>> x < y
False
>>> x != y
True
}}}
Various exceptions
{{{
>>> s1 = IPSet(['10.0.0.1'])
>>> hash(s1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
TypeError: IP sets are unhashable!
>>> s1.update(42)
Traceback (most recent call last):
TypeError: an iterable was expected!
In the following cases, the exceptions are caught and translated to booleans.
>>> s1 == 42
False
>>> s1 != 42
True
}}}

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=Socket Fallback Module Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr.fbsocket import *
}}}
IPv6 '::' compression algorithm tests.
{{{
>>> inet_ntop(AF_INET6, inet_pton(AF_INET6, '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0'))
'::'
>>> inet_ntop(AF_INET6, inet_pton(AF_INET6, '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:A'))
'::a'
>>> inet_ntop(AF_INET6, inet_pton(AF_INET6, 'A:0:0:0:0:0:0:0'))
'a::'
>>> inet_ntop(AF_INET6, inet_pton(AF_INET6, 'A:0:A:0:0:0:0:0'))
'a:0:a::'
>>> inet_ntop(AF_INET6, inet_pton(AF_INET6, 'A:0:0:0:0:0:0:A'))
'a::a'
>>> inet_ntop(AF_INET6, inet_pton(AF_INET6, '0:A:0:0:0:0:0:A'))
'0:a::a'
>>> inet_ntop(AF_INET6, inet_pton(AF_INET6, 'A:0:A:0:0:0:0:A'))
'a:0:a::a'
>>> inet_ntop(AF_INET6, inet_pton(AF_INET6, '0:0:0:A:0:0:0:A'))
'::a:0:0:0:a'
>>> inet_ntop(AF_INET6, inet_pton(AF_INET6, '0:0:0:0:A:0:0:A'))
'::a:0:0:a'
>>> inet_ntop(AF_INET6, inet_pton(AF_INET6, 'A:0:0:0:0:A:0:A'))
'a::a:0:a'
>>> inet_ntop(AF_INET6, inet_pton(AF_INET6, 'A:0:0:A:0:0:A:0'))
'a::a:0:0:a:0'
>>> inet_ntop(AF_INET6, inet_pton(AF_INET6, 'A:0:A:0:A:0:A:0'))
'a:0:a:0:a:0:a:0'
>>> inet_ntop(AF_INET6, inet_pton(AF_INET6, '0:A:0:A:0:A:0:A'))
'0:a:0:a:0:a:0:a'
>>> inet_ntop(AF_INET6, inet_pton(AF_INET6, '1080:0:0:0:8:800:200C:417A'))
'1080::8:800:200c:417a'
>>> inet_ntop(AF_INET6, inet_pton(AF_INET6, 'FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210'))
'fedc:ba98:7654:3210:fedc:ba98:7654:3210'
}}}
IPv4 failure tests
{{{
>>> inet_ntoa(1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: string type expected, not <class 'int'>
>>> inet_ntoa('\x00')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: invalid length of packed IP address string
}}}
IPv6 failure tests.
{{{
>>> inet_pton(AF_INET6, '::0x07f')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: illegal IP address string '::0x07f'
}}}

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=IP Subnet Tests=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr import *
}}}
Incrementing IP objects.
{{{
>>> ip = IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/28')
>>> for i in range(16):
... str(ip)
... ip += 1
'192.0.2.0/28'
'192.0.2.16/28'
'192.0.2.32/28'
'192.0.2.48/28'
'192.0.2.64/28'
'192.0.2.80/28'
'192.0.2.96/28'
'192.0.2.112/28'
'192.0.2.128/28'
'192.0.2.144/28'
'192.0.2.160/28'
'192.0.2.176/28'
'192.0.2.192/28'
'192.0.2.208/28'
'192.0.2.224/28'
'192.0.2.240/28'
>>> ip = IPNetwork('2001:470:1f04::/48')
>>> for i in ip.subnet(128):
... print (i)
... break
2001:470:1f04::/128
}}}
IP address and subnet sortability.
{{{
>>> ip_list = []
>>> for subnet in IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/24').subnet(28, 3):
... ip_list.append(subnet)
... ip_list.extend([ip for ip in subnet])
>>> for addr in sorted(ip_list):
... print('%r' % addr)
IPNetwork('192.0.2.0/28')
IPAddress('192.0.2.0')
IPAddress('192.0.2.1')
IPAddress('192.0.2.2')
IPAddress('192.0.2.3')
IPAddress('192.0.2.4')
IPAddress('192.0.2.5')
IPAddress('192.0.2.6')
IPAddress('192.0.2.7')
IPAddress('192.0.2.8')
IPAddress('192.0.2.9')
IPAddress('192.0.2.10')
IPAddress('192.0.2.11')
IPAddress('192.0.2.12')
IPAddress('192.0.2.13')
IPAddress('192.0.2.14')
IPAddress('192.0.2.15')
IPNetwork('192.0.2.16/28')
IPAddress('192.0.2.16')
IPAddress('192.0.2.17')
IPAddress('192.0.2.18')
IPAddress('192.0.2.19')
IPAddress('192.0.2.20')
IPAddress('192.0.2.21')
IPAddress('192.0.2.22')
IPAddress('192.0.2.23')
IPAddress('192.0.2.24')
IPAddress('192.0.2.25')
IPAddress('192.0.2.26')
IPAddress('192.0.2.27')
IPAddress('192.0.2.28')
IPAddress('192.0.2.29')
IPAddress('192.0.2.30')
IPAddress('192.0.2.31')
IPNetwork('192.0.2.32/28')
IPAddress('192.0.2.32')
IPAddress('192.0.2.33')
IPAddress('192.0.2.34')
IPAddress('192.0.2.35')
IPAddress('192.0.2.36')
IPAddress('192.0.2.37')
IPAddress('192.0.2.38')
IPAddress('192.0.2.39')
IPAddress('192.0.2.40')
IPAddress('192.0.2.41')
IPAddress('192.0.2.42')
IPAddress('192.0.2.43')
IPAddress('192.0.2.44')
IPAddress('192.0.2.45')
IPAddress('192.0.2.46')
IPAddress('192.0.2.47')
}}}

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=IEEE EUI-48 Strategy Module=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr.strategy.eui48 import *
}}}
==Basic Smoke Tests==
{{{
>>> b = '00000000-00001111-00011111-00010010-11100111-00110011'
>>> i = 64945841971
>>> t = (0x0, 0x0f, 0x1f, 0x12, 0xe7, 0x33)
>>> s = '00-0F-1F-12-E7-33'
>>> p = b'\x00\x0f\x1f\x12\xe73'
>>> bits_to_int(b) == 64945841971
True
>>> int_to_bits(i) == b
True
>>> int_to_str(i)
'00-0F-1F-12-E7-33'
>>> int_to_words(i)
(0, 15, 31, 18, 231, 51)
>>> int_to_packed(i)
b'\x00\x0f\x1f\x12\xe73'
>>> str_to_int(s) == 64945841971
True
>>> words_to_int(t) == 64945841971
True
>>> words_to_int(list(t)) == 64945841971
True
>>> packed_to_int(p) == 64945841971
True
}}}
==Smoke Tests With Alternate Dialects==
{{{
>>> b = '00000000:00001111:00011111:00010010:11100111:00110011'
>>> i = 64945841971
>>> t = (0x0, 0x0f, 0x1f, 0x12, 0xe7, 0x33)
>>> s = '0:f:1f:12:e7:33'
>>> p = b'\x00\x0f\x1f\x12\xe73'
>>> bits_to_int(b, mac_unix) == 64945841971
True
>>> int_to_bits(i, mac_unix) == b
True
>>> int_to_str(i, mac_unix)
'0:f:1f:12:e7:33'
>>> int_to_str(i, mac_unix_expanded)
'00:0f:1f:12:e7:33'
>>> int_to_str(i, mac_cisco)
'000f.1f12.e733'
>>> int_to_str(i, mac_unix)
'0:f:1f:12:e7:33'
>>> int_to_words(i, mac_unix)
(0, 15, 31, 18, 231, 51)
>>> int_to_packed(i)
b'\x00\x0f\x1f\x12\xe73'
>>> str_to_int(s) == 64945841971
True
>>> words_to_int(t, mac_unix) == 64945841971
True
>>> words_to_int(list(t), mac_unix) == 64945841971
True
>>> packed_to_int(p) == 64945841971
True
}}}

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=IP version 4 Strategy Module=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
Uses TEST-NET references throughout, as described in RFC 3330.
{{{
>>> from netaddr.strategy.ipv4 import *
}}}
==Basic Smoke Tests==
{{{
>>> b = '11000000.00000000.00000010.00000001'
>>> i = 3221225985
>>> t = (192, 0, 2, 1)
>>> s = '192.0.2.1'
>>> p = b'\xc0\x00\x02\x01'
>>> bin_val = '0b11000000000000000000001000000001'
>>> bits_to_int(b) == 3221225985
True
>>> int_to_bits(i)
'11000000.00000000.00000010.00000001'
>>> int_to_str(i)
'192.0.2.1'
>>> int_to_words(i) == (192, 0, 2, 1)
True
>>> int_to_packed(i)
b'\xc0\x00\x02\x01'
>>> int_to_bin(i)
'0b11000000000000000000001000000001'
>>> int_to_bin(i)
'0b11000000000000000000001000000001'
>>> bin_to_int(bin_val) == 3221225985
True
>>> words_to_int(t) == 3221225985
True
>>> words_to_int(list(t)) == 3221225985
True
>>> packed_to_int(p) == 3221225985
True
>>> valid_bin(bin_val)
True
}}}
== inet_aton() Behavioural Tests ==
inet_aton() is a very old system call and is very permissive with regard to what is assume is a valid IPv4 address. Unfortunately, it is also the most widely used by system software used in software today, so netaddr supports this behaviour by default.
{{{
>>> str_to_int('127') == 127
True
>>> str_to_int('0x7f') == 127
True
>>> str_to_int('0177') == 127
True
>>> str_to_int('127.1') == 2130706433
True
>>> str_to_int('0x7f.1') == 2130706433
True
>>> str_to_int('0177.1') == 2130706433
True
>>> str_to_int('127.0.0.1') == 2130706433
True
}}}
== inet_pton() Behavioural Tests ==
inet_pton() is a newer system call that supports both IPv4 and IPv6. It is a lot more strict about what it deems to be a valid IPv4 address and doesn't support many of the features found in inet_aton() such as support for non- decimal octets, partial numbers of octets, etc.
{{{
>>> str_to_int('127', flags=INET_PTON)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
netaddr.core.AddrFormatError: '127' is not a valid IPv4 address string!
>>> str_to_int('0x7f', flags=INET_PTON)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
netaddr.core.AddrFormatError: '0x7f' is not a valid IPv4 address string!
>>> str_to_int('0177', flags=INET_PTON)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
netaddr.core.AddrFormatError: '0177' is not a valid IPv4 address string!
>>> str_to_int('127.1', flags=INET_PTON)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
netaddr.core.AddrFormatError: '127.1' is not a valid IPv4 address string!
>>> str_to_int('0x7f.1', flags=INET_PTON)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
netaddr.core.AddrFormatError: '0x7f.1' is not a valid IPv4 address string!
>>> str_to_int('0177.1', flags=INET_PTON)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
netaddr.core.AddrFormatError: '0177.1' is not a valid IPv4 address string!
>>> str_to_int('127.0.0.1', flags=INET_PTON) == 2130706433
True
}}}

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=IP version 6 Strategy Module=
Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
{{{
>>> from netaddr.strategy.ipv6 import *
}}}
==Basic Smoke Tests==
{{{
>>> b = '0000000000000000:0000000000000000:0000000000000000:0000000000000000:0000000000000000:0000000000000000:1111111111111111:1111111111111110'
>>> i = 4294967294
>>> t = (0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0xffff, 0xfffe)
>>> s = '::255.255.255.254'
>>> p = b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xff\xff\xff\xfe'
>>> bits_to_int(b) == 4294967294
True
>>> int_to_bits(i) == b
True
>>> int_to_str(i)
'::255.255.255.254'
>>> int_to_words(i)
(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 65535, 65534)
>>> int_to_packed(i)
b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xff\xff\xff\xfe'
>>> str_to_int(s) == 4294967294
True
>>> words_to_int(t) == 4294967294
True
>>> words_to_int(list(t)) == 4294967294
True
>>> packed_to_int(p) == 4294967294
True
}}}
==More Specific IPv6 Tests==
IPv6 string address variants that are all equivalent.
{{{
>>> i = 42540766411282592856903984951992014763
>>> str_to_int('2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:1428:57ab') == i
True
>>> str_to_int('2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000::1428:57ab') == i
True
>>> str_to_int('2001:0db8:0:0:0:0:1428:57ab') == i
True
>>> str_to_int('2001:0db8:0:0::1428:57ab') == i
True
>>> str_to_int('2001:0db8::1428:57ab') == i
True
>>> str_to_int('2001:0DB8:0000:0000:0000:0000:1428:57AB') == i
True
>>> str_to_int('2001:DB8::1428:57AB') == i
True
}}}
Intensive IPv6 string address validation testing.
Positive tests.
{{{
>>> valid_addrs = (
... # RFC 4291
... # Long forms.
... 'FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210',
... '1080:0:0:0:8:800:200C:417A', # a unicast address
... 'FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:43', # a multicast address
... '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1', # the loopback address
... '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0', # the unspecified addresses
...
... # Short forms.
... '1080::8:800:200C:417A', # a unicast address
... 'FF01::43', # a multicast address
... '::1', # the loopback address
... '::', # the unspecified addresses
...
... # IPv4 compatible forms.
... '::192.0.2.1',
... '::ffff:192.0.2.1',
... '0:0:0:0:0:0:192.0.2.1',
... '0:0:0:0:0:FFFF:192.0.2.1',
... '0:0:0:0:0:0:13.1.68.3',
... '0:0:0:0:0:FFFF:129.144.52.38',
... '::13.1.68.3',
... '::FFFF:129.144.52.38',
...
... # Other tests.
... '1::',
... '::ffff',
... 'ffff::',
... 'ffff::ffff',
... '0:1:2:3:4:5:6:7',
... '8:9:a:b:c:d:e:f',
... '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0',
... 'ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff',
... )
>>> for addr in valid_addrs:
... addr, valid_str(addr)
('FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210', True)
('1080:0:0:0:8:800:200C:417A', True)
('FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:43', True)
('0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1', True)
('0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0', True)
('1080::8:800:200C:417A', True)
('FF01::43', True)
('::1', True)
('::', True)
('::192.0.2.1', True)
('::ffff:192.0.2.1', True)
('0:0:0:0:0:0:192.0.2.1', True)
('0:0:0:0:0:FFFF:192.0.2.1', True)
('0:0:0:0:0:0:13.1.68.3', True)
('0:0:0:0:0:FFFF:129.144.52.38', True)
('::13.1.68.3', True)
('::FFFF:129.144.52.38', True)
('1::', True)
('::ffff', True)
('ffff::', True)
('ffff::ffff', True)
('0:1:2:3:4:5:6:7', True)
('8:9:a:b:c:d:e:f', True)
('0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0', True)
('ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff', True)
}}}
Negative tests.
{{{
>>> invalid_addrs = (
... 'g:h:i:j:k:l:m:n', # bad chars.
... '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0' # too long,
... '', # empty string
... # Unexpected types.
... [],
... (),
... {},
... True,
... False,
... )
>>> for addr in invalid_addrs:
... addr, valid_str(addr)
('g:h:i:j:k:l:m:n', False)
('0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0', False)
([], False)
((), False)
({}, False)
(True, False)
(False, False)
}}}
String compaction tests.
{{{
>>> valid_addrs = {
... # RFC 4291
... 'FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210' : 'fedc:ba98:7654:3210:fedc:ba98:7654:3210',
... '1080:0:0:0:8:800:200C:417A' : '1080::8:800:200c:417a', # a unicast address
... 'FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:43' : 'ff01::43', # a multicast address
... '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1' : '::1', # the loopback address
... '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0' : '::', # the unspecified addresses
... }
>>> for long_form, short_form in valid_addrs.items():
... int_val = str_to_int(long_form)
... calc_short_form = int_to_str(int_val)
... calc_short_form == short_form
True
True
True
True
True
}}}
IPv6 mapped and compatible IPv4 string formatting.
{{{
>>> int_to_str(0xffffff)
'::0.255.255.255'
>>> int_to_str(0xffffffff)
'::255.255.255.255'
>>> int_to_str(0x1ffffffff)
'::1:ffff:ffff'
>>> int_to_str(0xffffffffffff)
'::ffff:255.255.255.255'
>>> int_to_str(0xfffeffffffff)
'::fffe:ffff:ffff'
>>> int_to_str(0xffffffffffff)
'::ffff:255.255.255.255'
>>> int_to_str(0xfffffffffff1)
'::ffff:255.255.255.241'
>>> int_to_str(0xfffffffffffe)
'::ffff:255.255.255.254'
>>> int_to_str(0xffffffffff00)
'::ffff:255.255.255.0'
>>> int_to_str(0xffffffff0000)
'::ffff:255.255.0.0'
>>> int_to_str(0xffffff000000)
'::ffff:255.0.0.0'
>>> int_to_str(0xffff000000)
'::ff:ff00:0'
>>> int_to_str(0xffff00000000)
'::ffff:0.0.0.0'
>>> int_to_str(0x1ffff00000000)
'::1:ffff:0:0'
>>> int_to_str(0xffff00000000)
'::ffff:0.0.0.0'
}}}
== str_to_int() Behavioural Tests (legacy_mode switch) ==
The legacy_mode switch on str_to_int() is for interface compatibility only and should not effect the behaviour of this method whether set to True or False.
{{{
>>> str_to_int('::127') == 295
True
>>> str_to_int('::0x7f')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
netaddr.core.AddrFormatError: '::0x7f' is not a valid IPv6 address string!
>>> str_to_int('::0177') == 375
True
>>> str_to_int('::127.1')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
netaddr.core.AddrFormatError: '::127.1' is not a valid IPv6 address string!
>>> str_to_int('::0x7f.1')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
netaddr.core.AddrFormatError: '::0x7f.1' is not a valid IPv6 address string!
>>> str_to_int('::0177.1')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
netaddr.core.AddrFormatError: '::0177.1' is not a valid IPv6 address string!
>>> str_to_int('::127.0.0.1') == 2130706433
True
}}}

73
netaddr/tests/__init__.py Executable file
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#!/usr/bin/env python
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Copyright (c) 2008-2015, David P. D. Moss. All rights reserved.
#
# Released under the BSD license. See the LICENSE file for details.
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
"""Runs all netaddr unit tests."""
from os.path import abspath, basename, dirname, join as pathjoin
import sys
import glob
import doctest
import unittest
sys.path.insert(0, abspath(pathjoin(dirname(__file__), '..', '..')))
def test_suite_all():
test_dirs = [
'ip',
'eui',
'strategy',
'core'
]
base_path = abspath(pathjoin(dirname(__file__), '..'))
# Select tests based on the version of the Python interpreter.
py_ver_dir = '2.x'
if sys.version_info[0] == 3:
py_ver_dir = '3.x'
# Gather list of files containing tests.
test_files = []
for entry in test_dirs:
test_path = pathjoin(base_path, "tests", py_ver_dir, entry, "*.txt")
files = glob.glob(test_path)
test_files.extend(files)
sys.stdout.write('testdir: %s\n' % '\n'.join(test_files))
# Add anything to the skiplist that we want to leave out.
skiplist = []
# Drop platform specific tests for other platforms.
platform_tests = ['platform_darwin.txt', 'platform_linux2.txt', 'platform_win32.txt']
for platform_test in platform_tests:
if not sys.platform in platform_test:
skiplist.append(platform_test)
# Exclude any entries from the skip list.
test_files = [t for t in test_files if basename(t) not in skiplist]
# Build and return a complete unittest test suite.
suite = unittest.TestSuite()
for test_file in test_files:
doctest_suite = doctest.DocFileSuite(test_file,
optionflags=doctest.ELLIPSIS, module_relative=False)
suite.addTest(doctest_suite)
return suite
def run():
runner = unittest.TextTestRunner()
return runner.run(test_suite_all())
if __name__ == "__main__":
result = run()
sys.exit(not result.wasSuccessful())